Interview With Broadcast Journalism Professionals

In depth interview with broadcast journalism professionals On November 18, 2016, I met up with the director of the Univision news Cristina Bazaldua to find out more about the history of the studio. When one first walks in the building the first thing that catches your attention is the clear and transparent glass windows that allow you to see everything that goes on behind the scenes. When asked, Cristina mentioned that the Univision industry is very involved with the community, meaning it doesn’t want to hide anything from them hence the clear glass windows. I personally loved the idea behind that, it enhances the concept that the corporation and the community come together as one to make everything happen. As a matter of fact, while†¦show more content†¦Jorge Nunez and Brenda Jimenez, both very experienced people in their field of work who have gained a lot of knowledge throughout the years. Jorge has been a news anchor for Univision for thirty years while Brenda on the other hand has had ten years of experience. Both found their ways in San Antonio with different stories but similar content. Jorge and Brenda didn’t major in communication, but have learned the business as they go, Jorge is a business major while Brenda majored in sociology. It’s an intriguing story on how they both ended up in this job position, Jorge was wanted by a long time by Telemundo TV producers and kept denying them until one day decided to try it out. Brenda met the main producer for Univision in Las Vegas and got asked to work for her instantly because of the way she developed herself. She says that one of her major tips for any job out there is networking, â€Å"the more people you meet, the more doors that will open up throughout the way.† Another major tip she shared with me was that one had to have a lot of patience in the workplace and realize that not everything will go your way. When asked about how they explained their job setting Brenda and Jorge said that the environment was very social, and unp redictable. They also told me that one had to be a team player in this career because everyone’s job contributes into the final product to makeShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Post Industrial Journalism1465 Words   |  6 Pages We believe that a similar dynamic is at work today, one we’re calling post-industrial journalism. To mean â€Å"Journalism no longer organized around the norms of proximity to the machinery of production.† Observers of the news industry today, state that reporters are people â€Å"doing more with less† is the mantra of every publisher who’s just laid off a dozen reporters and editors. However, because the â€Å"with less† part is a forced move, we have to try to make the â€Å"doing more† part work, which meansRead MoreThe Mass Of Broadcast Journalism1142 Words   |  5 Pagesintrigued and hopeful by the medium of Broadcast Journalism. Young students imagine themselves on television speaking to the public about the everyday happenings around the community. However, as other growing mediums emerge, Broadcast Journalism is a dwindling in viewership, especially with the younger generation. For my field research, I had the pleasure of int erviewing Christian Schaffer. The newest co-anchor of Good Morning Maryland on ABC-2 News in Baltimore. Broadcast news is a medium that is thrillingRead MoreThe National Mass News Media911 Words   |  4 Pages1. The national mass news media, including broadcast networks and newspapers, are increasingly unable to fulfill their traditional roles as government watchdogs because neither broadcast networks nor newspapers have as great as a reach. Before cable and the Internet, the president reached the national public through national media, which desired to appeal to audiences covering the partisan divide. The major media outlets controlled the flow of news from Washington and the president’s access to whatRead MoreMy Experience At The Age Of 12969 Words   |  4 PagesAt the age of 12, I first hosted a big show at school. Now I still remember clearly that my Chinese teacher praised me highly for my performance on the stage by saying, â€Å"Good job, you can develop yourself in the TV and journalism areas in future.† From then on, I appeared on the stage more often as a host on campus and I began to enjoy it. In 2007, I came to know Yang Lan, a well-known Chinese talk show hostess and journalist on a TV program and I was totally fascinated by her brilliant performanceRead MoreDescription of My Interview743 Words   |  3 PagesI arranged the interview in a quiet location at the far right corner of a coffee shop. I made it a point to share the area with no one except my interviewee. It was nothing too formal, just a casual time to talk about some life experiences in a cozy place. Tables along aisles will get a lot of disturbance that might harm the real purpose of the meeting. This is the main reason why I have chosen the far right corner of the coffee shop to do away with practical noise factors and with the inclusionRead MoreEssay about How to Improve Journalism Education904 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Improve Journalism Education Media tycoons agreed that profound changes are taking place in the News media industry that pose challenges for journalists and the news organizations for which they work. Their advice can be clustered into three broad prescriptions.  · Emphasis the basics of journalism craft along with analytical thinking and a strong sense of ethics.  · Help the journalists to build a specialized expertise to enhance their coverage and help them to acquire first-hand knowledgeRead MoreThe Launch of a Women’s Radio Station in the City of Herat, Afghanistan1704 Words   |  7 Pageslaunch of a women’s radio station in the city of Herat, Afghanistan, in the year 2003. It follows four Afghan women journalists’ struggles in balancing the demands of a highly conservative culture on the one hand, and the objectives of their Canadian journalism trainers on the other. Kamal explains that Media development takes on many different forms in different areas of the world. Rather than being a force for sustaining difference, the media is deliberately employed by media development organisationsRead MoreThe Field Of Journalism And Education1320 Words   |  6 PagesSociety often refers to journalism as the fourth estate, in conjunction with the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of government. As a profession that is regarded with such an influential nickname, it is essential that the field of journalism be well equipped with professionals who possess the necessary knowledge and skills to provide society with valid and objective reporting. The skills that make up a strong journalist are thoroughly introduced and taught throughout an individual’sRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Journalism1742 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has had a huge impact on the way that journalism is practiced and the way that the general public perceiv e news in the present day. This dissertation aims to identify and explore the use of the different social media platforms, focusing on the impact that the rise of social media has had on journalism practices. In addition, this paper will examine the public’s responses to the news that they receive through social media platforms. Examples of social media platforms that this dissertationRead More Sports Journalism Essay1872 Words   |  8 Pages Sports Journalism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For my career research paper I have chosen to delve into the world of the sportswriter, and take a closer look at what that occupation may hold for myself. I have chosen to research this form of journalism because I consider myself to be a sports fanatic, and would very much enjoy spending the rest of my working days writing about the conditions in the world of sports. During the last year or so I have taken a period of time everyday to relax and read

Colonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora Essay

Colonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora The experiences of the women of the African diaspora are as diverse as the regions they have come to inhabit. Despite the variety in their local realities, African and African-descended women across the planet share in many common experiences. Wherever they have made their homes, these women tend to occupy inferior or marginalized positions within their societies. Whether in the United States, Europe, Latin America, or even Africa itself, black women must confront what Patricia Hill Collins describes as a â€Å"matrix of domination† which has, for centuries, perpetuated their subjugation and oppression. According to Collins, a matrix of domination is a comprehensive social organization in†¦show more content†¦Even Maathai’s ancestors, the Kikuyu and Maasai peoples, were among them. The majority of these forced dislocations took place in the highland regions. The rich soil and temperate climate of this area had proven attractive to native African peoples for centuries; and it seemed the new British settlers found it equally tempting. After most of the land’s original occupants were transported to the Rift Valley region of western Kenya, settlers began taking advantage of the highlands’ vast natural resources. The land was essentially ravaged as ancient forests were clear-cut in order to make room for agricultural plots. The introduction of the plantation system, with its non-native plant species, large-scale hunting, and systematic recruitment of Africans as field laborers, signaled the next phase in the oppression of native Africans (Maathai 6-9). The situation became even more complex when the British colonial administration introduced a currency-based income tax system. For centuries, the Kenyan economy had largely rested on the exchange of livestock and other goods. With this in mind, it should come as little surprise that such a drastic shift put native Kenyans in a rather precarious position. Since nearly all â€Å"acceptable† currency rested in the hands of colonists, many Kenyans were forced to leave their reserves and work as hired hands on the farms of white settlers, essentially becoming squatters on their own ancestral landsShow MoreRelatedColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora The Kenyan feminist and environmental activist, Wangari Maathai, explores the legacy of colonialism and oppression in her native country through her moving 2006 memoir, Unbowed. Maathai explains that over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Africa experienced a massive influx of white settlers. In an effort to solidify control over recently acquired colonies, many European powers had encouraged large numbers of their ethnicallyRead MoreThe Colonialism Effect Of Africa1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Colonialism Effect of Africa As the world races for its place in history, many continents excel on their mark on the map. It is because Africa was in the right place, but in a different time they were taken advantage of their glory. Although it is difficult for Africa to retrace and reclaim its memoirs, it has an origin that had existed before colonialism. The attempt of challenging modern history has desperately provided an economical realm that extracts and injects into Africa resources. Read More12 Years a Slave and Crossing the River: Postcolonial Critique1155 Words   |  5 Pagesorchestrated the greatest institution of oppression through the Atlantic slave trade, subsequently producing unconscious bigotry and racialized fantasies. As a postcolonial United States absconded from the political, cultural and economic ways of Great Britain, imperialism remained as a consequence of the human colonialism of slavery. Steve McQueen’s adaptation of 12 Years a Slave depicts the legacy of slavery and racism, and its relation to the African American diaspora. Through the collapse of identityRead MoreReggae Is Not Only A Type Of Music1560 Words   |  7 PagesThese groups have shared experiences of colonialism and subjugation by hegemonic (often white) powers. Reggae is popular in indigenous communities for both its sound and message. It is adopted and transformed by these communities to affirm particular indigenous identities whilst globally connecting to other indi genous groups. The Rastafarian sound was brought to the ‘forefront of black popular culture’ in the 1970’s and 19980’s, establishing a ‘mythical’ African sound. The success of reggae meant itRead MorePan Africanism For Beginners Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex concept of Pan-Africanism. Lemelle begins the book by broadly defining Pan-Africanism to mean the inclusion of â€Å"all people of African ancestry living in continental Africa and throughout the world.† This definition sets the foundation for his analysis of Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism for Beginners explores the major leaders and events associated with Pan-African sentiments chronologically. The exploration begins with the â€Å"early pioneers of Pan-Africanism† (20) such as Prince Hall, Paul CuffeRead MoreThe Movement Of The Negro World1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fires that smolder in the Negro world.† Garveyism is coined as an aspect of Black Nationalism, it is the ideology that focuses on the unification and empowerment of the African diaspora, and the repatriation of African descendants to the African continent. Rationale When hearing notable pioneers of the advancement of African Americans in America, Marcus Garvey is one that maybe lastly mention. Arguably, his movement seems to be dismissed often by his controversial personality. To me, Garvey focusedRead MoreTeaching Freedom : Education For Liberation953 Words   |  4 Pagesscholarly articles into a collection that expounds upon education for liberation. In Teach Freedom: Education for Liberation in the African American Tradition the question of â€Å"did your education encourage you to move† resonated with me throughout the text. Over a series of nineteen articles, the centering theme of the role of education being political tied to the problem of African Americans being subjected to a hegemonic system which places those living at the intersection of race, class, and/or genderRead MoreConstructing My Cultural Identity6012 Words   |  25 Pagesanalysis of my life growing up in Jamaica where I attended colonial school, to making the transition to high school in the Canadian context. I examine the elements that have influenced my cultural/racial identity as a person of African ancestry living in the diaspora. I ask questions such as how has colonial education influenced my cultural identity and how I see myself? I address the complexity of my racial and gender identity drawing on a Black feminist theoretical framework and anticolonial Read MoreThe Cultural Identity Of The African American Community1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe African American community has sat at the end of a discriminatory lens from the moment they set foot in the United States. For that reason, black communities have undergone the process of community building to ensure that all members feel a sense of belonging. Race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, poverty, and sexual orientation, all play a role in developing one’s identity and more often than not, these multiple identities intersect with blackness. Being that American society has deemed coloredRead MoreLiberation And The Africana Woman1406 Words   |  6 Pages LIBERATION AND THE AFRICANA WOMAN Amijah C. Townsend-Holmes African Diaspora and the World (ADW 112) Professor J. Canty March 17th, 2016 Spring 2016 atownse5@scmail.spelman.edu Paulo Freire’s beliefs concerning liberation and notions of oppression absolutely align with one another and tell a story that starts with enslavement that still relates to today. In Freire’s writings, he does not hesitate to highlight the white power establishment, and the black survival struggle Colonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora Essay Colonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora The Kenyan feminist and environmental activist, Wangari Maathai, explores the legacy of colonialism and oppression in her native country through her moving 2006 memoir, Unbowed. Maathai explains that over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Africa experienced a massive influx of white settlers. In an effort to solidify control over recently acquired colonies, many European powers had encouraged large numbers of their ethnically white citizens to make a new home on the African continent. As a result, thousands of native Africans were displaced. Maathai’s ancestors, the Kikuyu and Maasai peoples were among them. The majority of these forced dislocations took†¦show more content†¦As time passed, European domination drastically altered the African landscape – both physically and culturally. Traditional roles, practices, and beliefs were either completely subverted or modified to fall in line with European cultural ideals. Doubtlessly , this process of subjugation worked to the detriment of native populations throughout the continent. Even though all members of indigenous communities have suffered under this system, African women remain especially vulnerable to its harmful effects. As Mary Kolawole points out in her comprehensive work, Womanism and African Consciousness, these women must confront a set of oppressions unique to their position as both black Africans and women. During her discussion of African women’s current struggle for recognition, Kolawole argues that, although colonialism displaced many African traditions, the patriarchal social structure remained. In many ways, she holds, European colonization widened the rift between African men and women even further (Kolawole 34). Although African and European traditions share in the elevation of the male over the female, most African cultures offered women a greater position of respect within society, as well as more â€Å"positive avenues of self-liberation† than were available to European womenShow MoreRelatedColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora Essay2014 Words   |  9 PagesColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora The experiences of the women of the African diaspora are as diverse as the regions they have come to inhabit. Despite the variety in their local realities, African and African-descended women across the planet share in many common experiences. Wherever they have made their homes, these women tend to occupy inferior or marginalized positions within their societies. Whether in the United States, Europe, Latin America, or even Africa itself, blackRead MoreThe Colonialism Effect Of Africa1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Colonialism Effect of Africa As the world races for its place in history, many continents excel on their mark on the map. It is because Africa was in the right place, but in a different time they were taken advantage of their glory. Although it is difficult for Africa to retrace and reclaim its memoirs, it has an origin that had existed before colonialism. The attempt of challenging modern history has desperately provided an economical realm that extracts and injects into Africa resources. Read More12 Years a Slave and Crossing the River: Postcolonial Critique1155 Words   |  5 Pagesorchestrated the greatest institution of oppression through the Atlantic slave trade, subsequently producing unconscious bigotry and racialized fantasies. As a postcolonial United States absconded from the political, cultural and economic ways of Great Britain, imperialism remained as a consequence of the human colonialism of slavery. Steve McQueen’s adaptation of 12 Years a Slave depicts the legacy of slavery and racism, and its relation to the African American diaspora. Through the collapse of identityRead MoreReggae Is Not Only A Type Of Music1560 Words   |  7 PagesThese groups have shared experiences of colonialism and subjugation by hegemonic (often white) powers. Reggae is popular in indigenous communities for both its sound and message. It is adopted and transformed by these communities to affirm particular indigenous identities whilst globally connecting to other indi genous groups. The Rastafarian sound was brought to the ‘forefront of black popular culture’ in the 1970’s and 19980’s, establishing a ‘mythical’ African sound. The success of reggae meant itRead MorePan Africanism For Beginners Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex concept of Pan-Africanism. Lemelle begins the book by broadly defining Pan-Africanism to mean the inclusion of â€Å"all people of African ancestry living in continental Africa and throughout the world.† This definition sets the foundation for his analysis of Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism for Beginners explores the major leaders and events associated with Pan-African sentiments chronologically. The exploration begins with the â€Å"early pioneers of Pan-Africanism† (20) such as Prince Hall, Paul CuffeRead MoreThe Berlin Conference And The Scramble For Africa Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagescolonization and colonialism. The spread of the ideals that sprouted out of the 1884 Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa later spread to African American and Cuban culture. The ideals that were brought forth during this time broke apart the heart of Africa and many other countries, and by doing so also developed the concept of and ideals for White supremacy. Unchecked privilege gave way to the Berlin Conference and later the destruction of some essential parts of African Culture. The 1884Read MoreThe Movement Of The Negro World1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fires that smolder in the Negro world.† Garveyism is coined as an aspect of Black Nationalism, it is the ideology that focuses on the unification and empowerment of the African diaspora, and the repatriation of African descendants to the African continent. Rationale When hearing notable pioneers of the advancement of African Americans in America, Marcus Garvey is one that maybe lastly mention. Arguably, his movement seems to be dismissed often by his controversial personality. To me, Garvey focusedRead MoreTeaching Freedom : Education For Liberation953 Words   |  4 Pagesscholarly articles into a collection that expounds upon education for liberation. In Teach Freedom: Education for Liberation in the African American Tradition the question of â€Å"did your education encourage you to move† resonated with me throughout the text. Over a series of nineteen articles, the centering theme of the role of education being political tied to the problem of African Americans being subjected to a hegemonic system which places those living at the intersection of race, class, and/or genderRead MoreConstructing My Cultural Identity6012 Words   |  25 Pagesanalysis of my life growing up in Jamaica where I attended colonial school, to making the transition to high school in the Canadian context. I examine the elements that have influenced my cultural/racial identity as a person of African ancestry living in the diaspora. I ask questions such as how has colonial education influenced my cultural identity and how I see myself? I address the complexity of my racial and gender identity drawing on a Black feminist theoretical framework and anticolonial Read MoreThe Cultural Identity Of The African American Community1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe African American community has sat at the end of a discriminatory lens from the moment they set foot in the United States. For that reason, black communities have undergone the process of community building to ensure that all members feel a sense of belonging. Race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, poverty, and sexual orientation, all play a role in developing one’s identity and more often than not, these multiple identities intersect with blackness. Being that American society has deemed colored

Interpersonal and E-communication T1 2017-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal and E-communication T1 2017. Answer: Introduction Transfer of the ideas, thoughts, and messages from one individual to another is generally termed as the process of communication but the exchange data or information among the two entities and the staff of the same can be referred to the reprocess of professional business communication (Fearn-Banks, 2016). This process of transfer of commercial data and information is executed for some of the other corporate benefits. Moreover, this process can also be used by the business organizations for spreading awareness, enhancing brand equity and brand awareness. The communication process conducted by the business entities is done in the form of promotional events and marketing events. The prime objective of this process of communication is to promote the products and services to the potential consumers. Communication process in the form of promotional events has been considered as an empirical element which aids the business entity in developing the goodwill, brand name, and customer base. A ppropriate strategies and plans should be used by the business entity for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the communication process. The below-executed analysis will be done on the contemporary issues faced by the business professional communication process. Professional business communication process has been considered as a crucial and vital task for any of the business entity and the same should be conducted efficiently (Fleischmann et al., 2014). Communication process can be considered as the veins of the organizational body, through which the data and information flow from one hierarchy to another. The communication process is very much essential and plays a significant role internally and externally for a business corporation. Internally it is important for conveying the messages of the individuals to the managerial staff and externally communication process will aid the entity in building and establishing strong relations with the consumers. Here communication process plays a role in bridging the gap between the consumers and firm by transferring the relevant messages. This mechanism plays a crucial role in the success and growth of the business corporation but there are some contemporary issues which are faced by the professional communication process. For instance, use of technological innovations and tools proves beneficial for the business corporation but excessive use of the same can come up as an issue in the process (Grunig, 2013). Another medium of communication can be referred to the business meetings for communicating and transferring of data and information within the organization but at the same time organizing and managing the meetings can be proven a tedious task and can come across as an issue. There is number of such contemporary issues and barriers which are faced by the professional business communication. Technological innovations are considered as one of the biggest revolutionary terms which have enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of all the operations and functions within the business corporation and the same is with the communication process (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald, 2014). There have been tremendous changes in the communication process due to the technological advancements. Technology has also been referred to the helping hands for this process and has provided with various contemporary mediums to communicate. These mediums enhance the efficiency of the communication process. Some of the contemporary mediums are Email, Fax, Voice-mail, Intranet messaging etc. And this increases the dependency of the business corporations on the technological advancements for communication purpose. Although the use of technology while communicating increases the effectiveness and efficiency and brings improved and better outcomes. But this can go in a negative sense also as a high reliance on the technology may result in a rise of situations of drama and dissent in the workplace. Technological mediums may be time-saving and accurate but in case of face-to-face communication, when emotions are involved the process will be more effective. So, too much dependency on the technology can be counted as a contemporary issue for the communication process. Listening has been considered as one of the prime element in the process of communication. A good listener is very much significant for successfully completing the process and the good set of interpersonal are required to be possessed by the listener (Glisic and Leppnen, 2013). This will develop a smooth flow of information or messages. Developing the skills among the employees has been considered as one of the crucial and tough tasks for the managers or the superiors and they face difficulties while developing the skills in the staff. Moreover, in case of intense pressure in the business operations, sometimes the seniors may not get time to sit and give training to the individuals. This may also tend the managers to avoid the requirements and messages of the employees and the clients (Bovee, Thill and Raina, 2016). This ignorance leads to the generation of dissatisfaction amongst the consumers and which leads to a decline in the interest towards the brand. This may result in losing the consumers as they can think of switching to the brand. And this has been considered as one of the biggest contemporary issues for the professional business communication process. One of the contemporary media of communicating within the business corporation is meeting the same has been considered as one of the most relevant and time-saving tools of the communication process (Kaufman and Taras, 2016). Meetings are widely conducted in the business organizations for communicating and transferring the messages and confidential messages. This medium proves very much beneficial for the business entity as it saves time and is also less expensive as compared to the other mediums of communication. Communication process conducted by making use of this medium delivers the high level of efficiency. But in some cases, choosing this option may go wrong. Many times the employees often see meetings as time waste and boring. Lack of interest may lead to ineffective and poor results (McDonald, Code and Togher, 2016). Organizing meetings are very much challenging but then also plays a crucial role in the process of professional communication. Diversity in the workplace is one of the biggest strength for any of the business corporation. A pool of diverse range of individuals can be observed in most of the multinational corporations. As diversity has been considered one of the biggest strength of the organizations but then also the same concept has been counted under the list of the contemporary issues for the communication process. Ethnicity and lingual differences are some of the issues which are developed by the diversity in the workforce and dealing with the same are very much difficult for the superiors and the managers (Collis and Hussey, 2013). For instance, due to diversity, the teams are having members with different regions and they speak different languages. This develops difficulties for the managers as they will have to manage and coordinate the communication process. Moreover, differences can also be observed in the ideas and thoughts of the teammates and which will come up as a barrier to the communication pr ocess. These differences may lead to the development of the chances of disputes and conflicts among the employees. Another contemporary issue which can be faced by the professional business communication is gender discrimination. Gender roles consist of gender behaviors associated with being male or female. And due to these differences, there are differences observed in the patterns of the communication process for males and females (Hamilton and Webster, 2015). The managers will have to develop separate communication process and which will be time-consuming and will incur additional expenses (Crane and Matten, 2016). Communicating with the disabled individuals can be considered as one of the contemporary issues in the professional business communication. Due to the pass of ADA (Americans with disabilities act), the business entities are made to provide employment opportunities to the physically disabled that are qualified. In simpler terms, this act has a provision of guarantee for the disabled individuals who are qualified for performing the operations and will not be discriminated on the basis of the disability (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). Dealing with the physically disabled has been considered as an issue for the managers and is counted under the list of contemporary issues of professional business communication. After summing up the above-analyzed essay it has been concluded that the professional business communication process is one of the empirical operations of a business corporation and which is required to be executed essentially and effectively. An efficient communication process will lead the entity to development of a high level of goodwill and brand value. Apart from all the benefits and advantages, the communication process faces the number of contemporary issues. The above essay consists of the number of contemporary issues which decreases the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. References Bovee, C.L., Thill, J.V. and Raina, R.L., 2016. Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2013. Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Fearn-Banks, K., 2016. Crisis communications: A casebook approach. Routledge. Fleischmann, A., Schmidt, W., Stary, C., Obermeier, S. and Brger, E., 2014. Subject-oriented business process management. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Glisic, S.G. and Leppnen, P.A., 2013. Wireless communications: TDMA versus CDMA. Springer Science Business Media. Grunig, J.E. ed., 2013. Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Hamilton, L. and Webster, P., 2015. The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014. Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kaufman, B.E. and Taras, D.G., 2016. Nonunion employee representation: history, contemporary practice and policy. Routledge. Martin, J.N. and Nakayama, T.K., 2013. Experiencing intercultural communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. McDonald, S., Code, C. and Togher, L. eds., 2016. Communication disorders following traumatic brain injury. Psychology press.

Contemporary Issues in Law and Society †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Law and Society. Answer: Introduction The best way to define torture is such practices or actions, where severe pain is inflicted on a person so as to force them to either say something or to get them to do something (Hamm, 2007). When a person is tortured, it is deemed that the human rights of an individual are breached and this is the reason why prohibition on torture is deemed as the bedrock principle under the international laws. Torture is an inhumane degrading treatment which is banned across the globe, which includes even such areas where a war is going on. However dire, no national emergency can justify the use of torture. And yet, a number of nations and the armed groups engage in torture for one or the other purpose. To get information on military or national secrets or to get information on where a particular thing is torture is often used (Human Rights Watch, 2017). It is natural to assume that torture is a bad thing. When faced with the fear of life and that of extreme pain, the individuals often lie just to be saved from being tortured. Even though torture is neither lawful nor ethical, it is still permitted in certain societies. And this begs the question of whether torture actually gets the right information, apart from being a morally wrong thing. The thesis statement is that torture which is prevalent in some societies should not be allowed as it does not result in truth being told. The questions which would be researched here are whether such torture techniques are necessary? Whether this is the only medium of attaining the right information? And whether allowing such inhumane thing for truth is worth it? As per one of the articles hosted by Huffington Post, the defence of torture was presented by Sam Harris. He quoted the ticking bomb scenario in order to favour torture of humans, in particular situations. Where a known terrorist plants a bomb, in the very heart of a city and sits before the custody of a person, what would the person do? What should such a human do when the terrorist gloats about the explosion that is coming and which would cause major destruction to everyone in that city. When there is a chance to prevent this imminent threat, by using the techniques of torture and by subjecting the other person to unpleasant and inhumane treatment, would that be deemed as justified? In the debate of ethics of torture, this is deemed as the ticking bomb case. If the reader in the view of Harris (2011) is not moved by the conventional bomb scenario, he states that the same should be replaced by a nuclear bomb than. He emphasized on considering that when terrorists do not care about t he thousands of innocents non-combatants and kill them without blinking an eye, why should they be saved and not be tortured? Is there life more valuable in comparison to that of the infant who just came to the world, or the elderly who tackled the difficulties of life, only to die by the hands of a bombing? Hence, when one can guarantee that so much misery and death can be avoided, then why the terrorists should not be given the rod? The stated that Osama bin Laden should have been tortured, so that hundreds of children had not been slaughtered. He quoted Jonathan Glover, the famous philosopher, where he had stated that when it came to modern war, the most shocking aspect was the poor guide to what is to be deemed as most harmful. He identified the need for an ideal torture pill which would be easily concealed and yet be an instrument to torture, to transit misery and paralysis, which can lead to the terrorist speaking the truth. He stated that the ones, who go against torture, do not seem to comprehend the right kind of torture to get the truth (Harris, 2011). Similar views were presented by Ekman (2016) where he stated that the Republican candidate recommended the torture of the terrorist suspects. Even though Dick Cheney advocated use of torture, the same was not upheld by the President Obama. Obama always condemned torture as a policy to justify the backward steps. Ekman (2016) rightly highlighted that torture did provide reliable information, which could help in settling the issue. He even examined both the sides to come to his conclusion, i.e., one side which condemns the use of torture and the other which upholds the use of torture. He stated that even when torture was allowed and useful information was attained, it could not be possible to know if that particular information is actually true or is accurate, as the probability always remains that the person would speak anything to avoid torture. He also stated that there was a chance that even when the person was speaking the truth, it latter on becomes false, and this again proves t hat contorting to techniques of torture is not the right manner of solving a possible situation (Ekman, 2016). He also questioned upon the harsh interrogation being a success in avoiding attacks like 9/11. He referred to the totalitarian societies of the Soviets and the Nazis, who had no qualms regarding the usage of torture that even these societies were unable to prevent attacks against their civilians and leaders. Same was the case with the methods used by England which were deemed as unlawful by the European Courts and deemed as reprehensible by the Royal Commission, which could not stop the IRA attacks. He stated that no matter how harsh the punishment was used, such attacks could never be completed prevented. And just because it may possibly help, is not a justified reason to abandon the moral foundations of a person (Ekman, 2016). In one of the reports by BBC, the ticking bomb argument was tested where a poll was conducted in 2006 and people were asked about whether torture which could save lives should be deemed as a justification for the suspects being mistreated. This questionnaire was filled in 25 nations where over 27,000 people were questioned. 59% people, across the globe stated that they deemed torture as wrong and were not willing to compromise on the human rights. The opposition was highest in Italy, with 81% votes against torture. Only 20% though that the governments should be allowed to use some degree of torture in specific situations. However, those nations which were engaged in struggle against political violence supported the use of torture; Israel got 43%, Iraq got 42%, India got 32% votes that where torture could save lives, it should be carried. Though, the poll did show that even in such nations, the view of the majority was against torture (BBC, 2014). In the backdrop of 9/11, an article published in The Economist questioned on the torture as a justified means of extracting information, particularly when the terrorist hid in civilian population and where information mattered way more in a war against terrorism. And even this report denied the use of torture as a justified means. In order to give this answer, the article cited different international treaties like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions and also the UN Convention against Torture, which put a strict ban over any sort of degrading, cruel of inhuman treatment and this is true even in cases of war. Apart from genocide, as per this article, was the only crime which required to be punished irrespective of the time and place of committing this crime. The article also highlights the place where line can be drawn when it comes to such torture. Can a person tickled into submission, persuaded to say the truth, or does it require brandin g the person with red hot irons or maybe beating the individual into a pulp (The Economist, 2007). And also questions on the guarantee of this technique being a success (Jones-Cruise, 2016). Roth and Worden (2005) questioned the very notion of use of torture, which is given as a justification, particularly in context of the ticking time bomb matter. They discussed the issue from a human rights perspective and stated whether torture can actually make the people feel safe or feel okay. The position of moral absolutism, as had been highlighted by Nye (2005) provides that the people should the right thing only when they are right, instead of analysing or evaluating the results of their acts. This perspective condemns torture as being a practice which was unacceptable and also argues that torture should be banned in absolute as it was against the concept of respecting the human rights. Torture was an unjustified thing based on human rights grounds as it dehumanizes people by manipulating them like pawns through pain. Forsythe (2006) noted that even though the rule of law and support for human rights is upheld by the democratic nations, they do adopt repressive policies when t hey have a possible threat to the security of the nation. In view of Dershowitz (2004) torture is something which will occur inevitable and thus, there was a need to adopt a more realistic approach so as to emphasize upon accountability, which could help in minimizing the occurrence of torture and also reduce hypocrisy. However, some scholars adopt the utilitarian argument and criticized the moral perfectionism of the absolutists stating that there was a need for the justice to be done (Levinson, 2004). Elshtain (2004) stated that there was a far more great guilt which the person with authority has to face when they allow the deaths of thousands of innocent people, instead of opting for torture of a person who is complicit or guilty. Bowden (2003) and Posner (2004) stated that in order to effectively deal with the threats which are posed on the national security and for saving innocent lives, there was a need to sacrifice the needs of some; and so, it was justified to contort to torture to obtain key information from the enemy soldiers in order to prevent future attacks. This viewpoint lines up with the ticking bomb case. Green (2005) cited the example of TV show 24 to show how audience perceives it as okay when the hero tortures the terrorist to get certain information. John Stuart Mill, who was a famous philosopher, supported the Utilitarianism viewpoint. He believed that in order to for the greater good, the torture of some was justified. Dershowitz (2004) cited Jeremy Bentham, the utilitarian philosopher as a proponent of torture. Peter Singer, who is deemed as the most controversial philosopher till date, supported the notion of torturing the terrorist in order to safeguard and uphold the greater good (Schaler, 2011). Due to this utilitarian and absolutist position, there is a major uncertainty towards the subject of torture. The policymakers and the public cannot legitimize the use of torture as it clearly breaches the human rights. And even the public opinion polls have shown that torture should never be used even when it can result in getting some vital information (Thomas Hirsh, 2005). The moral stigma, which is undeniable and which is associated with torture is the reason why the public prefers not to know the details which are often plausibly denied by the government leaders, in order to shield themselves in a moral and legal manner (Hersh, 2004). Bowden (2003) has highlighted that the support towards torture stems from the fact that in certain cases, it does help in attaining the desired results, but at the same time, he highlighted that torture does not work always. Carter (2004) highlighted that the information which was attained through torture of the captives led to the successful arrest of Saddam Hussein in the last month of 2003. Though, at the same time, he stated that a huge chunk of literature indicated that coercive interrogations usually extract only unreliable intelligence in way more cases compared to such cases where this information is proved to be of help. Budiansky (2005) highlighted that abusing the prisoners was not a moral or a legal manner of getting information; and also that the same was majorly ineffective. Van Natta (2004) quoted the Army Field Manual where it was stated that the technique which proves to be more effective when dealing with the questioning of prisoners was the direct approach in which the prisoner was asked direct questions with any kind of pressure or coercion. Even though the controversy which surrounds the effectiveness of the torture as a technique continues on, the high number of experts criticizing the use of inhumane techniques vastly undermines the case to adopt torture as a generalized practice to obtain information. Bagaric and Clarke (2005) highlighted the ethics of use of torture, based on the pro torture argument which is given based on the ticking bomb scenario. They stated that when the person is dealt with such a situation, and when there is not enough time to use some other technique apart from torture, then the ethics deemed it necessary to use torture. Though, the views presented by Bufacchi and Arrigo (2006) pose a problem to this scenario as this scenario is very inaccurate when it comes to reality and is just a bias which is made to favour torture. They also stated that torture has no technique or benchmark, so the evidence which is procured from using such techniques lacks the proper validity. Costanzo and Gerrity (2009) also questioned the possibility that the person, who has been detained, even if a known terrorist, might not actually have the required information to prevent the ticking time bomb situation. And that it may also happen that the information may not be the truth. Thu s, there was no way of knowing if this technique was actually of help (Houck et al., 2014). Advice to Parliament From the media review and the literature review presented above, one thing becomes very clear, that even though there are a high number of people who favour torture as a technique of interrogation, it continues to be seen as an unethical and an immoral thing used for abstracting information. And based on this analysis, certain recommendations have been drawn for the Parliament of Australia, along with that of the other nations, and even to the key international human right bodies, which are drawn from the analysis conducted above. The first and foremost requirement for the key institutional bodies and the government is to strengthen the human right laws (Human Rights Watch, 2004). This has to be done in a manner where it explicitly states that torture is something which is illegal, unethical and immoral. So, where an individual is found to be engaged in a torture of another, they would be liable to criminal sentencing. There is a need for the Parliament to ratify the UN provisions particularly with regards to Human Rights. Also, to present before the UN, the need for the other nations to adopt the policies where they do not use torture as a means to obtain information or for any other purpose for that matter. There is a strict need for getting the military of the nation under control along with the law enforcement officers and the like, particularly because they are commonly faced with ticking bomb situations. There is a need to adopt the human rights policies by such personnel as they often use torture as a technique to safeguard the greater good. The entities like the United Nation and its associated bodies need to take strict steps against torture, particularly in war stricken nations, where this technique is commonly used. There is also a need for getting the nations to play a proactive role against torture, but asking the governments of different nations to end any and all sort of torture. This is to take place for not only such nations, which are war stricken, but also for the developed nations like the US, where reports have highlighted that torture is commonly used by the military, to gain/ obtain information from the detainee (Gordon, 2014). UNCAT, i.e., UN Convention against Torture, has to be given more due then what is given at the present time (Nowak McArthur, 2008). There is a need for UN to play a proactive role and get the nations to not only ratify UNCAT but also to drawn up legislations, which are in line with this convention. Conclusion On the basis of the discussion carried above, it can be concluded that torture is something which is commonly used by different nations to get some or other information from the detainee. Torture, even though illegal and unethical, is justified with the help of ticking bomb scenario and also by using the ethical theory of Utilitarianism where the greater good is always given emphasis. The media review discussed in this portfolio shows that the majority of people, from different nations, believed that torture as a technique should not be used to gain information, even when it can save lives. The reason for this view is that torture is deemed as an inhumane act, which needs to be eradicated from the society. The literature review presented the arguments for both supporting and opposing torture as a technique of getting information. In this regard, the utilitarianism view showcased the scholars supporting torture in order to save the lives of countless innocents. But the other side high lighted that torture does not only prove to be of help. The literature and the media report also presented that the information which shows that torture does not present useful information as people often lie to be saved from further torture. Thus, the thesis statement which was drawn at the beginning of this discussion, that that torture which is prevalent in some societies should not be allowed as it does not result in truth being told, has successfully been established through the media and literature review. Also, the torture techniques should be avoided and the direct techniques of getting information should be used due to the non reliability of torture and it being a technique which is simply not justified. References Bagaric, M. Clarke, J. (2005). Not enough official torture in the world? The circumstances in which torture is morally justifiable. University of San Francisco Law Review, 39, 581- 616. BBC. (2014). The 'ticking bomb' problem. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/torture/ethics/tickingbomb_1.shtml Bowden, M. (2003). The Dark Art of Interrogation. The Atlantic (October), 51-76. Budiansky, S. (2005). Truth Extraction. The Atlantic (June), 32-34. Bufacchi, V. Arrigo, J.M. (2006). Torture, terrorism and the state: A refutation of the tickingbomb argument. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 23(3), 355-373. Carter, P. (2004). The Road to Abu Ghraib. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.carter.html Costanzo, M.A. Gerrity, E. (2009). The effects and effectiveness of using torture as an interrogation device: Using research to inform the policy debate. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), 179-210 Dershowitz, A. (2004). Tortured Reasoning. In Levinson, S. (ed.) Torture: A Collection. New York: Oxford University Press. Ekman, P. (2016). Should We Torture Suspected Terrorists?. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-ekman/should-we-torture-suspect_b_11222770.html Elshtain, J.B. (2004). Reflection on the Problem of `Dirty Hands. In Levinson, S. (ed.) Torture: A Collection. New York: Oxford University Press. Evans, R. (2005). The Ethics of Torture. In: Roth, K., Worden, M. (eds.) Torture: Does It Make Us Safer? Is It Ever OK? A Human Rights Perspective. New York: The New Press. Retrieved from:: https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/volumes/2007/evans-2007.pdf Forsythe, D.P. (2006). United States Policy toward Enemy Detainees in the War on Terrorism. Human Rights Quarterly, 28(2), 465-491. Gordon, R. (2014). Does America Still Torture?. Retrieved from: https://www.thenation.com/article/does-america-still-torture/ Green, A. (2005). Normalizing Torture: One Rollicking Hour at a Time. The New York Times (May 22), Section 2, 34. Hamm, M. S. (2007). High Crimes and Misdemeanors: George W. Bush and the sins of Abu Ghraib. Crime Media Culture, 3(3), 259- 284. Harris, S. (2011). In Defense of Torture. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html Hersh, S. (2004). The Gray Zone. How a Secret Pentagon Program Came to Abu Ghraib. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/24/040524fa_fact?currentPage=1 Houck, S.C., Conway, L.G., Repke, M.A. (2014). Personal closeness and perceived torture efficacy: If torture will save someone Im close to, then it must work. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(4), 590-592. doi:10.1037/pac0000058 Human Rights Watch. (2004). The Legal Prohibition Against Torture. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2003/03/11/legal-prohibition-against-torture Human Rights Watch. (2017). Torture. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/topic/torture Jones-Cruise, C. (2016). Should We Torture Suspects for Information?. Retrieved from: https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/should-we-torture-suspected-terrorists-information/3196550.html Joseph S.N. (2005.). Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History (5th ed.). New York: Pearson. Levinson, S. (2004). Interview with Neil Conan, National Public Radio. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4176862 Nowak, M., McArthur E. (2008). The United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Posner, R. (2004). Torture, Terrorism and Interrogation. In Levinson, S. (ed.) Torture: A Collection. New York: Oxford University Press. Roth, K., Worden, M. (2005). Torture: Does It Make Us Safer? Is It Ever OK? A Human Rights Perspective. New York: The New Press. Schaler, J.A. (2011). Peter Singer Under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Illinois: Carus Publishing Company. The Economist. (2007). Is torture ever justified?. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/node/9832909 Thomas, E., Hirsh, M. (2005). The Debate Over Torture. Newsweek (November 21), 26- 33. Van Natta, D. (2004). Interrogation Methods in Iraq Arent All Found in Manual. The New York Times (May 7).

Research Plastic Pollution in Water Essay Example

Research: Plastic Pollution in Water Paper Solutions to Plastic Pollution in our Oceans The Basics Were treating the oceans like a trash bin: around 80 percent of marine litter originates on land, and most of that is plastic. Plastic that pollutes our oceans and waterways has severe impacts on our environment and our economy. Seabirds, whales, sea turtles and other marine life are eating marine plastic pollution and dying from choking, intestinal blockage and starvation. Scientists are investigating the long-term impacts of toxic pollutants absorbed, transported, and consumed by fish and other marine life, including the potential effects on human health. What it means to you Plastic pollution affects every waterway, sea and ocean in the world. When we damage our water systems, were putting our own well-being at risk. This pollution also has huge costs for taxpayers and local governments that must clean this trash off of beaches and streets to protect public health, prevent flooding from trash-blocked storm drains, and avoid lost tourism revenue from filthy beaches. NRC analyzed a sunny of 95 California communities and found their total reported annual costs for preventing litter from becoming pollution is 5428 million per year. See Marcs Waste in Our Waterways: Unveiling the Hidden Costs to Californians of Litter Cleanup. Solutions The most effective way to stop plastic pollution in our oceans is to make sure it never reaches the water in the first place. We all need to do our fair share to stop plastic pollution: individuals need to recycle and never litter, but producers of single use plastic packaging need to do more too. We need producers to design packaging so that it is fully recyclable, and so there is less waste. We also need producers to help cover the costs of keeping their products out of the ocean. Http://www. 3rd. Org/oceans/plastic-ocean/ The Problem of Marine Plastic Pollution Most marine debris (80%) comes from trash and debris in urban runoff, I. E. Land-based sources. Key components of land-based sources include litter, trash and debris from construction, ports and marinas, commercial and industrial facilities, and trash blown out of garbage containers, trucks, and landfills. L Ocean-based sources, such as, overboard discharges from ships and discarded fishing gear, account for the other 20%. We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Food containers and packaging are the largest component of the municipal solid waste stream (80 lions tons or 31. 7 %). 2 These items, together with plastic bags, also represent the largest component of marine debris (that is, barring items less than mm such as pre-production plastic pellets, fragments, and polystyrene pieces). 3 Packaging and single use disposable products are not only ubiquitous in marine debris, they represent an unsustainable use of precious resources (Oil, trees, energy sources, water). The quantity Of marine debris is increasing in oceans world-wide. Researchers at the Legality Marine Research Foundation documented an increase in plastic debris in the Central Pacific Gyred five-fold between 1 997 and 2007, where the baseline in 1 997 showed plastic pieces outnumbered plankton on the ocean surface 6:1. 4 Off Japans coast, the quantity of pelagic plastic particles floating increased 10 fold in 10 years between the sass and 1 sass, and then 10 fold every 2-3 years in the sass. 5 In the Southern Ocean, plastic debris increased 100 times during the early sass. These increases in plastic debris occurred at the same time that worldwide production of plastic fibers quadrupled. In the ocean, plastic debris injures and kills fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Marine plastic elution has impacted at least 267 species worldwide, including 86% of all sea turtle species, 44% of all seabird species and 43% of all marine mammal species. The impacts include fatalities as a result of ingestion, starvation, suffocation, infection, drowning, and enta nglement. 7 In 2010, a California grey whale washed up dead on the shores of the Upset Sound. Autopsies indicated that its stomach contained a pair of pants and a golf ball, more than 20 plastic bags, small towels, duct tape and surgical gloves. Seabirds that feed on the ocean surface are especially prone to ingesting plastic debris that loots. Adults feed these items to their chicks resulting in detrimental effects on chick growth and survival. 8 One study found that approximately 98% of chicks sampled contained plastic and the quantity of plastic being ingested was increasing over time. Because persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment attach to the surface of plastic debris, floating plastics in the oceans have been found to accumulate pollutants and transport them through ocean currents. 10 Floating and migrating plastic debris has also been found to transport invasive marine species. 1 1 Increasingly, research shows hat marine life that ingests plastics coated with pollutants can absorb these pollutants their bodies. Plastic debris is polluting the human fo od chain. In a 2008 Pacific Gyred voyage, Legality researchers began finding that fish are ingesting plastic fragments and debris. Of the 672 fish caught during that voyage, 35% had ingested plastic pieces. The plastics industry, through the leadership of the American Chemical Council (AC), spends millions of dollars each year to convince policy makers and Californians that solutions to plastic pollution lie in anti-litter campaigns that attribute the responsibility for urine debris on individual behavior. Yet they have devoted little funding to public education and much more on promoting policies that support increased use of plastics. While increased public education to prevent littering is important, proper management of litter fails to address the unsustainable consumption of resources involved in producing packaging and single use disposable goods. Furthermore, as the amount of disposable packaging and products continues to increase, controlling litter through public education and cleanup of streets and waterways requires significant and sustained funding. Preventing the generation of disposable products as much as possible reduces the amount of money needed for controlling and managing trash and litter. Prevention is both cost-effective and better for the environment. Http://www. Clearwater. Org/feature/problem-of-marine-plastic- pollution Plastic is literally at my fingertips all day long. Plastic keyboard. Plastic framed computer monitor. Plastic mouse. The amount of plastic encounter daily doesnt end there. Chances are, you can relate. Plastic is an epidemic. But where does all this plastic go? We ship some of it overseas to be recycled.

TEXT TAX OPPOSITION essays

TEXT TAX OPPOSITION essays Virtually every nation is operating at a deficit these days. Every government is trying to find new sources of income in these tough times, but our nation may be the first place to turn to text messaging. Cebu City Councilor Sylvan, Chairman of the Committee on Communication of the Cebu City Council is in opposition to the national governments plan. I think people have been taxed enough. I dont think we should allow the increase of taxes for text messaging because its already so much on the part of the Filipinos, he said. Jakosalem pointed out the importance of short messaging service (SMS) in communication. What they should tax on are those for cigarettes, alcoholic beverages and other items that Filipinos dont really need, he reacted. The Philippines has an estimated 28 million mobile phone subscribers, and industry estimates said they expect half of the 84 million populations to own a handset by the end of next year. With 120 to 150 million messages crossing mobile phone networks daily, the Philippines has been tagged as the "text capital" of the world. Since Telecommunications companies receive huge profits with SMS and was among the eight tax measures President Gloria Arroyo asked Congress to pass last month to help narrow the deficit, which in the first half reached 80.1 billion pesos (1.43 billion dollars), exceeding a government-set ceiling. Speaker Jose de Venecia has announced that Congress will only increase the franchise taxes imposed to telecommunications companies instead of imposing additional to SMS. But Councilor Jackosalem said that the companies were not sure to increase the price of texting when higher price will imposed to them and assured that franchise tax will not be passed to mobile subcribers. Association of Concerned Texters (ACT), a consumer group led a text campaign in Cebu to denounce to tax mobile phone text messaging or SMS. ...

Impact of After Sales Service on the Sale of Apples Products Dissertation

Impact of After Sales Service on the Sale of Apples Products - Dissertation Example The current global market is increasingly being filled with products with similar attributes, features and offerings. As a result, companies are finding it extremely difficult to differentiate their products on the basis of attributes and features alone. Fierce competition as well as diminishing profit margins from sales of products has forced companies to think of out-of-the-box marketing and promotional tactics in order to survive in this competitive market. Customers too are opting for brands that provide better offerings and a comprehensive package. So, companies have started implementing after-sales services as well as associated activities as a relevant source for profit and key differentiating strategy. Profits and revenues generated from these services are often found to be higher than traditional product marketing. Various surveys on impact of after sales services have also revealed that these may shoot up profits to three times higher than the original turnover calculated i n a product’s entire life cycle. However, there is a need for dramatic shift in traditional perception regarding after sales services, from being perceived as a necessary evil to a customer-centric approach (Gaiardelli, 2007). With increasing competition in the global environment dominated by rising costs of customer recruitment, loyalty of customer has become the marketplace currency in this 21st century. Companies are implementing various service solutions based on technology such as, CRM (Customer Relationship Management).

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Operation management - Assignment Example The bank also offers business related services to business clients that maintain both business personal and savings accounts with the bank. Banking at the Harrods Bank has been dramatically changed in the recent years. This dramatic change in banking services at Harrods Bank Limited is associated with the introduction of the efficient and fast modern system. The management of the bank believes that the advancement of the modern system must never be at the cost of customer service. Personal relationships maintained by the bank with its customers are considered the cornerstone of the bank’s ability to provide quality service (Berger, 2011). Harrods Bank Limited has had many years of banking experience. One of the areas of primary focus to the bank has been the changing customers’ banking needs that must be accurately forecasted. There are five broad categories of stakeholders at any organisation (Buckle and Thompson, 2014). A stakeholder refers to any individual who has concrete interest in the organisation or is affected by the operations of the organisation. There are five key stakeholders at Harrods Bank. These are: Customers- Customers are the group of stakeholders that are majorly affected by the operations of the organisation (Iyer, 2008). At Harrods Bank, the customers include the account holders, business clients, the loaned and all kinds of people and clients that rely on the banks’ services. Suppliers-The individual prosperity of a supplier and how efficiently they supply the required commodities to the business organisation depends on the effectiveness of the client (Ghosh, 2012). Suppliers at Harrods Bank would range from the people or companies that supply stationary to the bank, to those that supply the electronic machines used in the bank. Shareholders-people invests in businesses to earn a return on their investments in the end (Greasley, 2008). The efficiency and

Overview of the UK Sugar Market From the Case Study Assignment

Overview of the UK Sugar Market From the Case Study - Assignment Example The main source of revenue for UK confectionery market is jellies and gum sector, which accounted for over 28% of the market values. In terms of value, this sector amounted to $ 633 millions worthiness in the year 2003. Despite being a leading position, both gum and jellies segments outperformed by medicated sector. On the other hand, hard-boiled sweets segment generated the second largest revenue reaching $528 billions, which was equivalent to 23% of the overall market value. In the UK, sugar confectionary sector is fragmented, with two companies winning a market share in double figure. Nestle UK and Cadbury Trebor Bassett which are the market leaders, where as Master-foods, Adams, Dunhill’s, Haribo confectionery and Bendicks, all are in stronger positions. John Foster Ltd manufactures a range of products ranging from the basic ingredients to complete meals, which are savory, dietetic, sweet and infant foods. The company also has growing interest in pet care, pharmaceuticals and beverages. In addition, John Foster Ltd other brands in the market include, Fruit gums, Jelly-tots, Raw-trees, and polo as well as fruit pastilles. Even with the emergence of sweeteners in the entire market, sugar has remained to be the most widely consumed caloric food in this country. Its exceptional value for improving health becomes so evident everyday, especially when it is being used in the refined form. The economies of scale which is afforded by international resources of this leading sugar industry makes it increasingly hard for smaller national players to compete effectively in terms of distribution, price marketing spend and range of product. According to Euromonitor (2003) he attributes this increase to leading... This paper stresses that the art of forecasting for the future has always been a human attribute as human beings are thinking individually. In essence, a project can easily be captured on the paper with a few elements i.e. the commencement date, termination date, the tasks that must be undertaken and when should they be finished bas well as some ideas of resources which will be required during the course of the project. This essay makes a conclusion that control is therefore, referred to a device mechanism that is used to guide or regulate the operation of the system. All organizations including sugar firms use controls to regulate their individual business processes which include finance, production and distribution. This control helps the organization to correct and restrain a typical behavior, reduce and prevent the spread of errors. Control is described as solitary of the four fundamental functions of the management that includes planning, organizing and coordinating Merchant and Kenneth (2011). It is used to evaluate performance and monitor progress of the entire business. Controls are implemented through technology, internal controls, culture and social structure. It is the corporate structure that establishes appropriate internal process management and financial control. In addition, board of directors of the company has to set out corporate governance guidelines so as provide framework in or der for management as well as the board to operate efficiently and effective together to achieve the stated company objective.

Changing Output Voltage of DC †DC Converters

Changing Output Voltage of DC – DC Converters Ben Harper The Purpose of this investigation is to look at the effects of changing various components in a 3 volt to 9 volt DC – DC converter will have on the output voltage. The results collected will be compared to theoretical values in order to find out whether or not they match and if not why. Background DC – DC converters are very important components in many different circuits, they are used in laptops, cars, and cell phones, mainly devices that receive their power from batteries. There are often sub circuits within complex circuits and these sub circuits often require a specific voltage that is different from the voltage that is flowing through the circuit, this is where the DC – DC converter comes in, it is used to either step up or step down the voltage so that the sub circuit can function properly. One other use is to step up the voltage of a battery that is low on power, when batteries become low on power their output voltage can decrease making the circuit unable to function but with a step up DC – DC converter the lowered voltage can be stepped up and increased enough to allow the circuit to continue functioning for longer. This method is much more efficient than using multiple batteries. Ultimately DC – DC converters play various roles in circuit s but they are essential and effective. Research Resistors Resistors are small devices usually made of ceramic that control the amount of current flowing through a circuit. The resistance of resistors are measured in ohms (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) When the resistance of a resistor is high the current is low and when the resistance is low the current is high. Voltage, current and resistance is all connected to one another through Ohm’s law. Ohms law can be stated in words as the current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance (Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu, 2014). In the form of an equation it can be defined as: Resistors can be found in almost any circuit and play a very important role. Certain components within circuits cannot handle high levels of voltage and will overload and become unusable if too much voltage flows through them, properly placed resistors can stop this from happening. There are many other types of resistors such as variable resistors and foil resistors and potentiometers Capacitors Capacitors are very common components that can be found within most circuits and have multiple uses. These components have the ability to store an electrical charge and then discharge at certain intervals of time. They are used for multiple reasons, one of which is their ability to smooth a current. Having a smooth current can prevent false triggering of sensitive components such as relays. Capacitors are measured in capacitance and this is found using the formula: A capacitor contains only two conductors that are separated by a single insulating material called a dielectric. The dielectric can be one of many different things, plastic, paper, ceramic or air. The two plates can be made of aluminium or a thin film of metal. Electrolytic capacitors have positive and negative leads, this means that they are polarized, the capacitor must be placed the right way around or else the oxide insulator on one of the foils will erode and cause the component to become conductive causing it to conduct large amounts of current which results in the electrolytic fluid boiling, building up pressure and ultimately popping. Non-electrolytic capacitors tend to have a significantly lower capacitance and are normally used to smooth the current in a circuit. Electromagnetic induction coils Electromagnetic induction a process that takes place when a conductor is present in a varying magnetic field or when a conductor is moves through a non-changing magnetic field. These actions cause voltage to be produced across the conductor. This whole process induces an electrical current. The discovery of electromagnetic induction was made by Michael Faraday in 1981 and he is known for the equation named Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The equation is as follows: Flux is a measurement of how much of a vector field passes perpendicularly through a given area (Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014). A vector field is a vector quantity that can have different values, an example of a vector field is the water molecules in a river, in this example the vector quantity changes depending on its location. The vector field that present in electromagnetic induction is dependent on multiple things such as location and number of coils. In Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, flux which is represented by the Phi symbol is found using: The voltage (E.M.F.) created in a coil by a changing magnetic field is proportional to rate in which the magnetic flux changed and the number of winding in the coil (Basic Electronics Tutorials, 2014). TL499A IC The TL499A is an integrated circuit (IC) that was created for the purpose of providing adjustable regulated supply voltages, by adding a battery between 1.1 volts and 10 volts, an inductor, a filter capacitor and two resistors the IC can function as a step-up switching regulator. In this specific chip output voltages can vary between 2.9 volts and 30 volts, but this depends on multiple factors such as input voltage, current and resistance. This IC was designed to be a back-up step up switching regulator in the instance of an ac-line failure. The top view of the IC can be seen below in Figure 1. Inside of the IC there is a complex circuit that consists of multiple diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors. Refer to Figure 2 below for a detailed circuit diagram Transistors Transistors are a form of switch, nearly all circuits will have at least one transistor. There are two main types of transistors, the most common is NPN but there is also PNP. When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction behaves very differently than either type of material alone. Specifically, current will flow readily in one direction (forward biased) but not in the other (reverse biased), creating the basic diode. This non-reversing behaviour arises from the nature of the charge transport process in the two types of materials. ((Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014)). There are all different kinds of transistors that come in different shapes and sizes but they always have three legs. There is the base, the collector and the emitter. The base is responsible for the activation of the transistor, the collector is the positive leg and the emitter is the negative leg. Diodes Diodes are very common components that can be found in many circuits, the function of a diode is to cause electricity to flow in one direction. A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist. (Allaboutcircuits.com, 2014). There are few diodes placed within the DC – DC converter assembled for this investigation but there are multiple diodes found within the TL499A IC. Hypothesis By changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine whether or not decreasing the voltage of two parallel resistors will increase the output voltage of the entire circuit. By decreasing the resistance the current will increase and therefore allow a higher output voltage from the IC. â€Å"output voltage can be varied from 2.9 V to 30 V by adjusting the input of current which can be changed using the two external resistors† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). Experimental procedure Method In order to determine the effects that the external resistors, R1 and R2 have on the circuit, they must be replaced with resistors of varying values. Once the resistors have been replaced the circuit must be connected to a power pack and the output voltage must be recorded. This process must be repeated with different resistors until there is a satisfactory amount of data collected. Materials Soldering iron Heat proof mats Resistors Solder Sponge Results Results: Practical The second change made was to R2, it was determined after changing the resistor R1 that the current flowing through the circuit was the variable that directly affected the output voltage of the entire circuit. The lower the output current the higher the output voltage was. Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 4.26 Volts 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 4.94 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 5.83 Volts 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 7.38 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 8.95 Volts 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 11.92 Volts 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 14.81 Volts Results: Theoretical Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 R1, R2 Parallel Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 12122.45 4.51 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 13846.15 4.97 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 17875 6.05 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 23478.26 7.55 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 28695.65 8.95 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 38726.59 11.99 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 50909.09 14.91 The graph above represents the change in resistance as the output voltage increase. Sources of Error There are many different possible sources of error within the procedure that is undertaken during this experiment. The power packs at Albany Creek State High school do not all give out the correct amount of voltage; most multimeters are faulty and can give false readings, and with the resistors being constantly soldered and unsoldered in order to replace them there may be a drop in accuracy due to the board melting a small amount or a soldering joint not being done properly. Any other sources of error would be related to physical factors such as temperature and would have minimal and negligible effect on the final results. Discussion In any situation where more voltage than what is available is needed when DC current is being used, a step up converter is the solution. The circuit that was put together for this experiment can deliver between 4.5 and 20 volts output depending on the input voltage and the configuration of the resistors. Figure 1 contains a diagram of the TL499A power supply IC. Within the IC there is a series and a switching regulator. The switching regulator is responsible for the operation of the step up pulse width modulated DC – DC converter. A single variable frequency oscillator operates a transistor that is a switch between one side of a boost inductor and ground. In Appendix A it can be seen that the end of the inductor is connected to the positive battery output while the other is connected to pin six of the IC, pin six is the collector of the switching transistor. When the transistor turns on current flowing through L1 rapidly increased while it holds energy within the magnetic fiel d of the inductor. The inductor works by producing voltage when a conductor is moving through a magnetic field and when this field collapses it causes all of the electricity that was being stored in the magnetic field to discharge. When the transistor is powered down it turns off and the magnetic field breaks down producing an immediate increase in voltage. This allows the blocking diode to conduct, therefore transporting the voltage from the inductor to the capacitor that serves as an output filter before it carries on to pin 8 of the TL499a. The second transistor creates a section â€Å"of a cycle by cycle current limiting circuit† (Ti.com, 2014). This current turns off the switching transistor when the current through it reaches a predetermined level (Ti.com, 2014). The circuit uses a fixed time arrangement to preserve a controlled output voltage in changing load environments, the changing frequency can be as small as a couple kHz but with the highest load and lowest possi ble input voltage, it rises to over 20 kHz. DC voltage applied to pin 1 flows into the output at pin 8 through the transistor. â€Å"The base of Q3 is driven by an error amplifier, which compares a 1.26 volt reference voltage on its non-inverting input with the voltage at pin 2†. (Datasheetlib.com, 1984) The output voltage is determined by the equation: By choosing appropriate values for R1 and R2, the output voltage of the entire circuit can be set for any voltage between 4.5 volts and 20. From the data collected it is clear that they the resistance does increase with resistance of R1 and R2. The data does not completely match the theoretical values and the difference between them varies significantly, this is most likely due to the fact that different power packs were used for some of the of the measurements, it could also be an effect of repeatedly soldering and unsoldering the join where the resisters were placed. The clear increase in voltage with the increase in resistance makes it obvious that the results are supportive of the hypothesis and create a clear pattern that shows the increase of voltage that is relative to the resistance. The results do not go past an output voltage of fifteen therefore the limits have not been tested, it has been stated â€Å"the TL499A has a minimum output of 2.9 and a maximum output of 30 volt s† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). One possible way of improving the results and increasing the accuracy would be to find an accurate power pack to use on the circuit, another viable option would be to use the same power pack and multimeter for every measurement that is made therefore the results would not be accurate but they would be precise. In order to get accurate results the power pack and multi meter must be tested and it must be made sure that the power pack has the correct output voltage and the multimeter reads the voltage output correctly. Another investigation that this experiment could lead to could be the effect of varying the input voltage to an induction coil. Conclusion In conclusion the results collected from the DC – DC converter ultimately support the hypothesis presented earlier in the report that by changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. The results corroborate with multiple other theories and laws. This DC – DC converter can be altered by simply changing the resistance of resistors R1 and R2 and this is supported by a suitable amount of both primary and secondary data. Bibliography Allaboutcircuits.com, (2014). Introduction : Diodes And Rectifiers. [online] Available at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/1.html. Basic Electronics Tutorials. 2014. Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law. [online] Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. CDS linear, (2014). Linear technology. [online] Available at: http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/1111fd.pdf [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Datasheetlib.com, (1984). TL499A Datasheet | DatasheetLib.com. [online] Available at: http://www.datasheetlib.com/datasheet/68927/tl499a_ti-texas-instruments.html [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu. 2014. Ohms law. [online] Available at: http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Jeremie Smith/page4.htm [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2014. Magnetic Flux. [online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/fluxmg.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Jones, A. (2014). How Electromagnetic Induction Creates Current. [online] Available at: http://physics.about.com/od/physicsetoh/g/induction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ndt-ed.org, (2014). Electromagnetic Induction. [online] Available at: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electroinduction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. People.sinclair.edu, (n.d.). EET 155 Unit 2: Capacitors and Inductors in DC Circuits. [online] Available at: http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/eet155/mod02.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ti.com, (2014). TL499A | Step-Up (Boost) Converter | Converter (Integrated Switch) | Description parametrics. [online] Available at: http://www.ti.com/product/tl499a.

Short Essay About Dorian Gray :: Essays Papers

Short Essay About Dorian Gray In the early chapters of The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, we are introduced to a young and naà ¯ve character, Dorian Gray. Wilde’s descriptions of the young man create a picture of an innocent yet easily influenced Dorian, who is just beginning to learn what the adult world is all about. He is happy and handsome, yet when he is introduced to Lord Henry, he begins to experiment a little bit more on the side of sin. He becomes obsessed with youth and beauty, and he says that he â€Å"would give everything, even [his] very soul† to remain attractive and young. After this declaration, the reader is introduced to a changed Dorian Gray and his new philosophies about life, which begin to sound a lot like Lord Henry’s thoughts. Dorian â€Å"falls in love,† and then he breaks a girl’s heart, causing her to end her life. His beautiful portrait begins to alter, and to keep others from witnessing this, he locks the picture away. At this point in the novel, the reader is brought forward in time, and Dorian is now closer to middle age. Oscar Wilde uses very dark words to set a dreary mood and also a very different sort of image than from the beginning of he novel. Dorian’s life over the past years is described in detail, marking his drastic change and the hold the Devil has over him. It appears that Dorian’s conscience and his very soul have left his body forever, leaving him a sinful and very conceited person. People despise him, and some even leave a room when he enters. It is very clear that Dorian Gray has morphed into someone who is his opposite from earlier in his life.

The Splendiferous Sunset

The horizon slices through the magnificent sun, a bigger segment lying in reflection in the water as its sharp blend of rays in orange, pink, blue, red and purple pierce the clouds painfully. The bright yellow, hot flames that had been warming and brightening the day slowly extinguish, converting to deep cool orange flames. The never ending, deep ocean tardily becomes several shades darker, mirroring the splendiferous sky while sharing the unique beauty of its colours smoothly. The scene is simply dazzling. Colours of the rainbow given off by the umbrellas, hats and swimming costumes, battled wildly against the colour of, the golden sand; a layer of tiny eroded rocks blanketing the land from the ocean. All the colours were fading swiftly like water pouring out of a jug. The dark grey cliffs piercing the splendid sky, with its sharp heads, adding to my view of the sweet scene, hanging uninterestingly in the sides of the sand. The once noisy beach, where children's shout of laughter was heard, is suddenly slowly being replaced by the constant whisper of the wind and the splashing, spluttering and swishing of the waves. Footprints stamped into the sizzling sand, being washed away by the wild waves driven by the wind; erasing all evidences of life having been there. Distant leaving figures, against the stunning colours of the background, were shown as black difficult to observe. Silence hung, a sharp knife, threatening anything that disturbs it. Sharp rocks pierce my feet as I walk through the sand slowly, but also strangely comforting at the same time; the skin on my feet being slowly stroked by the waves is left tingling. As I slowly sat myself positioned between the sand and small waves, the feeling of comforting loneliness suddenly started to overwhelm me, the sereneness of the sunset scene, the whispering of the few trees stranded, the sound of the distant seagulls all combined together able to make any stone heart melt. As the enormous orange marble makes the last step of its journey, welcoming the darkness that would soon wrap itself around the world until tomorrow, with its remaining rays. I got up slowly, my gaze on the amazing scene before me; trying to absorb as much of the beauty while it lasts. Inch by inch the orange marble slips out of view, letting its slowly extinguishing rays say goodbye with the little energy left in the rays to the land soon to be enclosed in darkness. I started to run home.

A History of Ancient Greek Physics

A History of Ancient Greek Physics In ancient times, the systematic study of fundamental natural laws was not a huge concern. The concern was staying alive. Science, as it existed at that time, consisted primarily of agriculture and, eventually, engineering to improve the daily lives of the growing societies. The sailing of a ship, for example, utilizes air drag, the same principle that keeps an airplane aloft. The ancients were able to figure out how to construct and operate sailing ships without precise rules for this principle. Looking to the Heavens and the Earth The ancients are known perhaps best for their astronomy, which continues to influence us heavily today. They regularly observed the heavens, which were believed to be a divine realm with the Earth at its center. It was certainly obvious to everyone that the sun, moon, and stars moved across the heaven in a regular pattern, and its unclear whether any documented thinker of the ancient world thought to question this geocentric viewpoint. Regardless, humans began identifying constellations in the heavens and used these signs of the Zodiac to define calendars and seasons. Mathematics developed first in the Middle East, though the precise origins vary depending upon which historian one talks to. It is almost certain that the origin of mathematics was for simple recordkeeping in commerce and government. Egypt made profound progress in the development of basic geometry, because of the need to clearly define farming territory following the annual flooding of the Nile. Geometry quickly found applications in astronomy, as well. Natural Philosophy in Ancient Greece As the Greek civilization arose, however, there came finally enough stability - despite the fact that there still frequent wars - for there to arise an intellectual aristocracy, an intelligentsia, that was able to devote itself to the systematic study of these matters. Euclid and Pythagoras are just a couple of the names that resonate through the ages in the development of mathematics from this period. In the physical sciences, there were also developments. Leucippus (5th century B.C.E.) refused to accept the ancient supernatural explanations of nature and proclaimed categorically that every event had a natural cause. His student, Democritus, went on to continue this concept. The two of them were proponents of a concept that all matter is comprised of tiny particles which were so small that they could not be broken up. These particles were called atoms, from a Greek word for indivisible. It would be two millennia before the atomistic views gained support and even longer before there was evidence to support the speculation. The Natural Philosophy of Aristotle While his mentor Plato (and  his  mentor, Socrates) were far more concerned with moral philosophy, Aristotles (384 - 322 B.C.E.) philosophy had more secular foundations. He promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could ultimately lead to the discovery of natural laws governing those phenomena, though unlike Leucippus and Democritus, Aristotle believed that these natural laws were, ultimately, divine in nature. His was a natural philosophy, an observational science based on reason but without experimentation. He has rightly been criticized for a lack of rigor (if not outright carelessness) in his observations. For one egregious example, he states that men have more teeth than women which is certainly not true. Still, it was a step in the right direction. The Motions of Objects One of Aristotles interests was the motion of objects: Why does a rock fall while smoke rises?Why does water flow downward while flames dance into the air?Why do the planets move across the sky? He explained this by saying that all matter is composed of five elements: FireEarthAirWaterAether (divine substance of the heavens) The four elements of this world interchange and relate to each other, while Aether was an entirely different type of substance. These worldly elements each had natural realms. For example, we exist where the Earth realm (the ground beneath our feet) meets the Air realm (the air all around us and up as high as we can see). The natural state of objects, to Aristotle, was at rest, in a location that was in balance with the elements of which they were composed. The motion of objects, therefore, was an attempt by the object to reach its natural state. A rock falls because the Earth realm is down. Water flows downward because its natural realm is beneath the Earth realm. Smoke rises because it is comprised of both Air and Fire, thus it tries to reach the high Fire realm, which is also why flames extend upward. There was no attempt by Aristotle to mathematically describe the reality that he observed. Though he formalized Logic, he considered mathematics and the natural world to be fundamentally unrelated. Mathematics was, in his view, concerned with unchanging objects that lacked reality, while his natural philosophy focused on changing objects with a reality of their own. More Natural Philosophy In addition to this work on the impetus, or motion, of objects, Aristotle did extensive studies in other areas: created a classification system, dividing animals with similar characteristics into genera.studied, in his work Meteorology, the nature not only of weather patterns but also geology and natural history.formalized the mathematical system called Logic.extensive philosophical work on the nature of mans relation to the divine, as well as ethical considerations Aristotles work was rediscovered by scholars in the Middle Ages and he was proclaimed the greatest thinker of the ancient world. His views became the philosophical foundation of the Catholic Church (in cases where it didnt directly contradict the Bible) and in centuries to come observations that did not conform to Aristotle were denounced as a heretic. It is one of the greatest ironies that such a proponent of observational science would be used to inhibit such work in the future. Archimedes of Syracuse Archimedes (287 - 212 B.C.E.) is best known for the classic story of how he discovered the principles of density and buoyancy while taking a bath, immediately causing him to run through the streets of Syracuse naked screaming Eureka! (which roughly translates to I have found it!). In addition, he is known for many other significant feats: outlined the mathematical principles of the lever, one of the oldest machinescreated elaborate pulley systems, reputedly having been able to move a full-size ship by pulling on a single ropedefined the concept of the center of gravitycreated the field of statics, using Greek geometry to find equilibrium states for objects that would be taxing for modern physicistsreputed to have built many inventions, including a water screw for irrigation and war machines that helped Syracuse against Rome in the First Punic War. He is attributed by some with inventing the odometer during this time, though that has not been proven. Perhaps Archimedes greatest achievement, however, was to reconcile Aristotles great error of separating mathematics and nature. As the first mathematical physicist, he showed that detailed mathematics could be applied with creativity and imagination for both theoretical and practical results. Hipparchus Hipparchus (190 - 120 B.C.E.) was born in Turkey, though he was a Greek. He is considered by many to be the greatest observational astronomer of ancient Greece. With trigonometric tables that he developed, he applied geometry rigorously to the study of astronomy and was able to predict solar eclipses. He also studied the motion of the sun and moon, calculating with greater precision than any before him their distance, size, and parallax. To aid him in this work, he improved many of the tools used in naked-eye observations of the time. The mathematics used indicates that Hipparchus may have studied Babylonian mathematics and been responsible for bringing some of that knowledge to Greece. Hipparchus is reputed to have written fourteen books, but the only direct work that remains was a commentary on a popular astronomical poem. Stories tell of Hipparchus having calculated the circumference of the Earth, but this is in some dispute. Ptolemy The last great astronomer of the ancient world was Claudius Ptolemaeus (known as Ptolemy to posterity). In the second century C.E., he wrote a summary of ancient astronomy (borrowed heavily from Hipparchus - this is our main source for knowledge of Hipparchus) which came to be known throughout Arabia as  Almagest  (the greatest). He formally outlined the geocentric model of the universe, describing a series of concentric circles and spheres upon which other planets moved. The combinations had to be exceedingly complicated to account for the observed motions, but his work was adequate enough that for fourteen centuries it was seen as the comprehensive statement on heavenly motion. With the fall of Rome, however, the stability that supports such innovation died out in the European world. Much of the knowledge obtained by the ancient world was lost during the Dark Ages. For example, of the 150 reputed Aristotelian works, only 30 exist today, and some of those are little more than lecture notes. In that age, the discovery of knowledge would lie to the East: to China and the Middle East.