Research Plastic Pollution in Water Essay Example

Research: Plastic Pollution in Water Paper Solutions to Plastic Pollution in our Oceans The Basics Were treating the oceans like a trash bin: around 80 percent of marine litter originates on land, and most of that is plastic. Plastic that pollutes our oceans and waterways has severe impacts on our environment and our economy. Seabirds, whales, sea turtles and other marine life are eating marine plastic pollution and dying from choking, intestinal blockage and starvation. Scientists are investigating the long-term impacts of toxic pollutants absorbed, transported, and consumed by fish and other marine life, including the potential effects on human health. What it means to you Plastic pollution affects every waterway, sea and ocean in the world. When we damage our water systems, were putting our own well-being at risk. This pollution also has huge costs for taxpayers and local governments that must clean this trash off of beaches and streets to protect public health, prevent flooding from trash-blocked storm drains, and avoid lost tourism revenue from filthy beaches. NRC analyzed a sunny of 95 California communities and found their total reported annual costs for preventing litter from becoming pollution is 5428 million per year. See Marcs Waste in Our Waterways: Unveiling the Hidden Costs to Californians of Litter Cleanup. Solutions The most effective way to stop plastic pollution in our oceans is to make sure it never reaches the water in the first place. We all need to do our fair share to stop plastic pollution: individuals need to recycle and never litter, but producers of single use plastic packaging need to do more too. We need producers to design packaging so that it is fully recyclable, and so there is less waste. We also need producers to help cover the costs of keeping their products out of the ocean. Http://www. 3rd. Org/oceans/plastic-ocean/ The Problem of Marine Plastic Pollution Most marine debris (80%) comes from trash and debris in urban runoff, I. E. Land-based sources. Key components of land-based sources include litter, trash and debris from construction, ports and marinas, commercial and industrial facilities, and trash blown out of garbage containers, trucks, and landfills. L Ocean-based sources, such as, overboard discharges from ships and discarded fishing gear, account for the other 20%. We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research: Plastic Pollution in Water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Food containers and packaging are the largest component of the municipal solid waste stream (80 lions tons or 31. 7 %). 2 These items, together with plastic bags, also represent the largest component of marine debris (that is, barring items less than mm such as pre-production plastic pellets, fragments, and polystyrene pieces). 3 Packaging and single use disposable products are not only ubiquitous in marine debris, they represent an unsustainable use of precious resources (Oil, trees, energy sources, water). The quantity Of marine debris is increasing in oceans world-wide. Researchers at the Legality Marine Research Foundation documented an increase in plastic debris in the Central Pacific Gyred five-fold between 1 997 and 2007, where the baseline in 1 997 showed plastic pieces outnumbered plankton on the ocean surface 6:1. 4 Off Japans coast, the quantity of pelagic plastic particles floating increased 10 fold in 10 years between the sass and 1 sass, and then 10 fold every 2-3 years in the sass. 5 In the Southern Ocean, plastic debris increased 100 times during the early sass. These increases in plastic debris occurred at the same time that worldwide production of plastic fibers quadrupled. In the ocean, plastic debris injures and kills fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Marine plastic elution has impacted at least 267 species worldwide, including 86% of all sea turtle species, 44% of all seabird species and 43% of all marine mammal species. The impacts include fatalities as a result of ingestion, starvation, suffocation, infection, drowning, and enta nglement. 7 In 2010, a California grey whale washed up dead on the shores of the Upset Sound. Autopsies indicated that its stomach contained a pair of pants and a golf ball, more than 20 plastic bags, small towels, duct tape and surgical gloves. Seabirds that feed on the ocean surface are especially prone to ingesting plastic debris that loots. Adults feed these items to their chicks resulting in detrimental effects on chick growth and survival. 8 One study found that approximately 98% of chicks sampled contained plastic and the quantity of plastic being ingested was increasing over time. Because persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment attach to the surface of plastic debris, floating plastics in the oceans have been found to accumulate pollutants and transport them through ocean currents. 10 Floating and migrating plastic debris has also been found to transport invasive marine species. 1 1 Increasingly, research shows hat marine life that ingests plastics coated with pollutants can absorb these pollutants their bodies. Plastic debris is polluting the human fo od chain. In a 2008 Pacific Gyred voyage, Legality researchers began finding that fish are ingesting plastic fragments and debris. Of the 672 fish caught during that voyage, 35% had ingested plastic pieces. The plastics industry, through the leadership of the American Chemical Council (AC), spends millions of dollars each year to convince policy makers and Californians that solutions to plastic pollution lie in anti-litter campaigns that attribute the responsibility for urine debris on individual behavior. Yet they have devoted little funding to public education and much more on promoting policies that support increased use of plastics. While increased public education to prevent littering is important, proper management of litter fails to address the unsustainable consumption of resources involved in producing packaging and single use disposable goods. Furthermore, as the amount of disposable packaging and products continues to increase, controlling litter through public education and cleanup of streets and waterways requires significant and sustained funding. Preventing the generation of disposable products as much as possible reduces the amount of money needed for controlling and managing trash and litter. Prevention is both cost-effective and better for the environment. Http://www. Clearwater. Org/feature/problem-of-marine-plastic- pollution Plastic is literally at my fingertips all day long. Plastic keyboard. Plastic framed computer monitor. Plastic mouse. The amount of plastic encounter daily doesnt end there. Chances are, you can relate. Plastic is an epidemic. But where does all this plastic go? We ship some of it overseas to be recycled.

TEXT TAX OPPOSITION essays

TEXT TAX OPPOSITION essays Virtually every nation is operating at a deficit these days. Every government is trying to find new sources of income in these tough times, but our nation may be the first place to turn to text messaging. Cebu City Councilor Sylvan, Chairman of the Committee on Communication of the Cebu City Council is in opposition to the national governments plan. I think people have been taxed enough. I dont think we should allow the increase of taxes for text messaging because its already so much on the part of the Filipinos, he said. Jakosalem pointed out the importance of short messaging service (SMS) in communication. What they should tax on are those for cigarettes, alcoholic beverages and other items that Filipinos dont really need, he reacted. The Philippines has an estimated 28 million mobile phone subscribers, and industry estimates said they expect half of the 84 million populations to own a handset by the end of next year. With 120 to 150 million messages crossing mobile phone networks daily, the Philippines has been tagged as the "text capital" of the world. Since Telecommunications companies receive huge profits with SMS and was among the eight tax measures President Gloria Arroyo asked Congress to pass last month to help narrow the deficit, which in the first half reached 80.1 billion pesos (1.43 billion dollars), exceeding a government-set ceiling. Speaker Jose de Venecia has announced that Congress will only increase the franchise taxes imposed to telecommunications companies instead of imposing additional to SMS. But Councilor Jackosalem said that the companies were not sure to increase the price of texting when higher price will imposed to them and assured that franchise tax will not be passed to mobile subcribers. Association of Concerned Texters (ACT), a consumer group led a text campaign in Cebu to denounce to tax mobile phone text messaging or SMS. ...

Impact of After Sales Service on the Sale of Apples Products Dissertation

Impact of After Sales Service on the Sale of Apples Products - Dissertation Example The current global market is increasingly being filled with products with similar attributes, features and offerings. As a result, companies are finding it extremely difficult to differentiate their products on the basis of attributes and features alone. Fierce competition as well as diminishing profit margins from sales of products has forced companies to think of out-of-the-box marketing and promotional tactics in order to survive in this competitive market. Customers too are opting for brands that provide better offerings and a comprehensive package. So, companies have started implementing after-sales services as well as associated activities as a relevant source for profit and key differentiating strategy. Profits and revenues generated from these services are often found to be higher than traditional product marketing. Various surveys on impact of after sales services have also revealed that these may shoot up profits to three times higher than the original turnover calculated i n a product’s entire life cycle. However, there is a need for dramatic shift in traditional perception regarding after sales services, from being perceived as a necessary evil to a customer-centric approach (Gaiardelli, 2007). With increasing competition in the global environment dominated by rising costs of customer recruitment, loyalty of customer has become the marketplace currency in this 21st century. Companies are implementing various service solutions based on technology such as, CRM (Customer Relationship Management).

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Operation management - Assignment Example The bank also offers business related services to business clients that maintain both business personal and savings accounts with the bank. Banking at the Harrods Bank has been dramatically changed in the recent years. This dramatic change in banking services at Harrods Bank Limited is associated with the introduction of the efficient and fast modern system. The management of the bank believes that the advancement of the modern system must never be at the cost of customer service. Personal relationships maintained by the bank with its customers are considered the cornerstone of the bank’s ability to provide quality service (Berger, 2011). Harrods Bank Limited has had many years of banking experience. One of the areas of primary focus to the bank has been the changing customers’ banking needs that must be accurately forecasted. There are five broad categories of stakeholders at any organisation (Buckle and Thompson, 2014). A stakeholder refers to any individual who has concrete interest in the organisation or is affected by the operations of the organisation. There are five key stakeholders at Harrods Bank. These are: Customers- Customers are the group of stakeholders that are majorly affected by the operations of the organisation (Iyer, 2008). At Harrods Bank, the customers include the account holders, business clients, the loaned and all kinds of people and clients that rely on the banks’ services. Suppliers-The individual prosperity of a supplier and how efficiently they supply the required commodities to the business organisation depends on the effectiveness of the client (Ghosh, 2012). Suppliers at Harrods Bank would range from the people or companies that supply stationary to the bank, to those that supply the electronic machines used in the bank. Shareholders-people invests in businesses to earn a return on their investments in the end (Greasley, 2008). The efficiency and

Overview of the UK Sugar Market From the Case Study Assignment

Overview of the UK Sugar Market From the Case Study - Assignment Example The main source of revenue for UK confectionery market is jellies and gum sector, which accounted for over 28% of the market values. In terms of value, this sector amounted to $ 633 millions worthiness in the year 2003. Despite being a leading position, both gum and jellies segments outperformed by medicated sector. On the other hand, hard-boiled sweets segment generated the second largest revenue reaching $528 billions, which was equivalent to 23% of the overall market value. In the UK, sugar confectionary sector is fragmented, with two companies winning a market share in double figure. Nestle UK and Cadbury Trebor Bassett which are the market leaders, where as Master-foods, Adams, Dunhill’s, Haribo confectionery and Bendicks, all are in stronger positions. John Foster Ltd manufactures a range of products ranging from the basic ingredients to complete meals, which are savory, dietetic, sweet and infant foods. The company also has growing interest in pet care, pharmaceuticals and beverages. In addition, John Foster Ltd other brands in the market include, Fruit gums, Jelly-tots, Raw-trees, and polo as well as fruit pastilles. Even with the emergence of sweeteners in the entire market, sugar has remained to be the most widely consumed caloric food in this country. Its exceptional value for improving health becomes so evident everyday, especially when it is being used in the refined form. The economies of scale which is afforded by international resources of this leading sugar industry makes it increasingly hard for smaller national players to compete effectively in terms of distribution, price marketing spend and range of product. According to Euromonitor (2003) he attributes this increase to leading... This paper stresses that the art of forecasting for the future has always been a human attribute as human beings are thinking individually. In essence, a project can easily be captured on the paper with a few elements i.e. the commencement date, termination date, the tasks that must be undertaken and when should they be finished bas well as some ideas of resources which will be required during the course of the project. This essay makes a conclusion that control is therefore, referred to a device mechanism that is used to guide or regulate the operation of the system. All organizations including sugar firms use controls to regulate their individual business processes which include finance, production and distribution. This control helps the organization to correct and restrain a typical behavior, reduce and prevent the spread of errors. Control is described as solitary of the four fundamental functions of the management that includes planning, organizing and coordinating Merchant and Kenneth (2011). It is used to evaluate performance and monitor progress of the entire business. Controls are implemented through technology, internal controls, culture and social structure. It is the corporate structure that establishes appropriate internal process management and financial control. In addition, board of directors of the company has to set out corporate governance guidelines so as provide framework in or der for management as well as the board to operate efficiently and effective together to achieve the stated company objective.

Changing Output Voltage of DC †DC Converters

Changing Output Voltage of DC – DC Converters Ben Harper The Purpose of this investigation is to look at the effects of changing various components in a 3 volt to 9 volt DC – DC converter will have on the output voltage. The results collected will be compared to theoretical values in order to find out whether or not they match and if not why. Background DC – DC converters are very important components in many different circuits, they are used in laptops, cars, and cell phones, mainly devices that receive their power from batteries. There are often sub circuits within complex circuits and these sub circuits often require a specific voltage that is different from the voltage that is flowing through the circuit, this is where the DC – DC converter comes in, it is used to either step up or step down the voltage so that the sub circuit can function properly. One other use is to step up the voltage of a battery that is low on power, when batteries become low on power their output voltage can decrease making the circuit unable to function but with a step up DC – DC converter the lowered voltage can be stepped up and increased enough to allow the circuit to continue functioning for longer. This method is much more efficient than using multiple batteries. Ultimately DC – DC converters play various roles in circuit s but they are essential and effective. Research Resistors Resistors are small devices usually made of ceramic that control the amount of current flowing through a circuit. The resistance of resistors are measured in ohms (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) When the resistance of a resistor is high the current is low and when the resistance is low the current is high. Voltage, current and resistance is all connected to one another through Ohm’s law. Ohms law can be stated in words as the current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance (Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu, 2014). In the form of an equation it can be defined as: Resistors can be found in almost any circuit and play a very important role. Certain components within circuits cannot handle high levels of voltage and will overload and become unusable if too much voltage flows through them, properly placed resistors can stop this from happening. There are many other types of resistors such as variable resistors and foil resistors and potentiometers Capacitors Capacitors are very common components that can be found within most circuits and have multiple uses. These components have the ability to store an electrical charge and then discharge at certain intervals of time. They are used for multiple reasons, one of which is their ability to smooth a current. Having a smooth current can prevent false triggering of sensitive components such as relays. Capacitors are measured in capacitance and this is found using the formula: A capacitor contains only two conductors that are separated by a single insulating material called a dielectric. The dielectric can be one of many different things, plastic, paper, ceramic or air. The two plates can be made of aluminium or a thin film of metal. Electrolytic capacitors have positive and negative leads, this means that they are polarized, the capacitor must be placed the right way around or else the oxide insulator on one of the foils will erode and cause the component to become conductive causing it to conduct large amounts of current which results in the electrolytic fluid boiling, building up pressure and ultimately popping. Non-electrolytic capacitors tend to have a significantly lower capacitance and are normally used to smooth the current in a circuit. Electromagnetic induction coils Electromagnetic induction a process that takes place when a conductor is present in a varying magnetic field or when a conductor is moves through a non-changing magnetic field. These actions cause voltage to be produced across the conductor. This whole process induces an electrical current. The discovery of electromagnetic induction was made by Michael Faraday in 1981 and he is known for the equation named Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The equation is as follows: Flux is a measurement of how much of a vector field passes perpendicularly through a given area (Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014). A vector field is a vector quantity that can have different values, an example of a vector field is the water molecules in a river, in this example the vector quantity changes depending on its location. The vector field that present in electromagnetic induction is dependent on multiple things such as location and number of coils. In Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, flux which is represented by the Phi symbol is found using: The voltage (E.M.F.) created in a coil by a changing magnetic field is proportional to rate in which the magnetic flux changed and the number of winding in the coil (Basic Electronics Tutorials, 2014). TL499A IC The TL499A is an integrated circuit (IC) that was created for the purpose of providing adjustable regulated supply voltages, by adding a battery between 1.1 volts and 10 volts, an inductor, a filter capacitor and two resistors the IC can function as a step-up switching regulator. In this specific chip output voltages can vary between 2.9 volts and 30 volts, but this depends on multiple factors such as input voltage, current and resistance. This IC was designed to be a back-up step up switching regulator in the instance of an ac-line failure. The top view of the IC can be seen below in Figure 1. Inside of the IC there is a complex circuit that consists of multiple diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors. Refer to Figure 2 below for a detailed circuit diagram Transistors Transistors are a form of switch, nearly all circuits will have at least one transistor. There are two main types of transistors, the most common is NPN but there is also PNP. When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction behaves very differently than either type of material alone. Specifically, current will flow readily in one direction (forward biased) but not in the other (reverse biased), creating the basic diode. This non-reversing behaviour arises from the nature of the charge transport process in the two types of materials. ((Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014)). There are all different kinds of transistors that come in different shapes and sizes but they always have three legs. There is the base, the collector and the emitter. The base is responsible for the activation of the transistor, the collector is the positive leg and the emitter is the negative leg. Diodes Diodes are very common components that can be found in many circuits, the function of a diode is to cause electricity to flow in one direction. A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist. (Allaboutcircuits.com, 2014). There are few diodes placed within the DC – DC converter assembled for this investigation but there are multiple diodes found within the TL499A IC. Hypothesis By changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine whether or not decreasing the voltage of two parallel resistors will increase the output voltage of the entire circuit. By decreasing the resistance the current will increase and therefore allow a higher output voltage from the IC. â€Å"output voltage can be varied from 2.9 V to 30 V by adjusting the input of current which can be changed using the two external resistors† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). Experimental procedure Method In order to determine the effects that the external resistors, R1 and R2 have on the circuit, they must be replaced with resistors of varying values. Once the resistors have been replaced the circuit must be connected to a power pack and the output voltage must be recorded. This process must be repeated with different resistors until there is a satisfactory amount of data collected. Materials Soldering iron Heat proof mats Resistors Solder Sponge Results Results: Practical The second change made was to R2, it was determined after changing the resistor R1 that the current flowing through the circuit was the variable that directly affected the output voltage of the entire circuit. The lower the output current the higher the output voltage was. Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 4.26 Volts 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 4.94 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 5.83 Volts 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 7.38 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 8.95 Volts 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 11.92 Volts 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 14.81 Volts Results: Theoretical Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 R1, R2 Parallel Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 12122.45 4.51 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 13846.15 4.97 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 17875 6.05 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 23478.26 7.55 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 28695.65 8.95 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 38726.59 11.99 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 50909.09 14.91 The graph above represents the change in resistance as the output voltage increase. Sources of Error There are many different possible sources of error within the procedure that is undertaken during this experiment. The power packs at Albany Creek State High school do not all give out the correct amount of voltage; most multimeters are faulty and can give false readings, and with the resistors being constantly soldered and unsoldered in order to replace them there may be a drop in accuracy due to the board melting a small amount or a soldering joint not being done properly. Any other sources of error would be related to physical factors such as temperature and would have minimal and negligible effect on the final results. Discussion In any situation where more voltage than what is available is needed when DC current is being used, a step up converter is the solution. The circuit that was put together for this experiment can deliver between 4.5 and 20 volts output depending on the input voltage and the configuration of the resistors. Figure 1 contains a diagram of the TL499A power supply IC. Within the IC there is a series and a switching regulator. The switching regulator is responsible for the operation of the step up pulse width modulated DC – DC converter. A single variable frequency oscillator operates a transistor that is a switch between one side of a boost inductor and ground. In Appendix A it can be seen that the end of the inductor is connected to the positive battery output while the other is connected to pin six of the IC, pin six is the collector of the switching transistor. When the transistor turns on current flowing through L1 rapidly increased while it holds energy within the magnetic fiel d of the inductor. The inductor works by producing voltage when a conductor is moving through a magnetic field and when this field collapses it causes all of the electricity that was being stored in the magnetic field to discharge. When the transistor is powered down it turns off and the magnetic field breaks down producing an immediate increase in voltage. This allows the blocking diode to conduct, therefore transporting the voltage from the inductor to the capacitor that serves as an output filter before it carries on to pin 8 of the TL499a. The second transistor creates a section â€Å"of a cycle by cycle current limiting circuit† (Ti.com, 2014). This current turns off the switching transistor when the current through it reaches a predetermined level (Ti.com, 2014). The circuit uses a fixed time arrangement to preserve a controlled output voltage in changing load environments, the changing frequency can be as small as a couple kHz but with the highest load and lowest possi ble input voltage, it rises to over 20 kHz. DC voltage applied to pin 1 flows into the output at pin 8 through the transistor. â€Å"The base of Q3 is driven by an error amplifier, which compares a 1.26 volt reference voltage on its non-inverting input with the voltage at pin 2†. (Datasheetlib.com, 1984) The output voltage is determined by the equation: By choosing appropriate values for R1 and R2, the output voltage of the entire circuit can be set for any voltage between 4.5 volts and 20. From the data collected it is clear that they the resistance does increase with resistance of R1 and R2. The data does not completely match the theoretical values and the difference between them varies significantly, this is most likely due to the fact that different power packs were used for some of the of the measurements, it could also be an effect of repeatedly soldering and unsoldering the join where the resisters were placed. The clear increase in voltage with the increase in resistance makes it obvious that the results are supportive of the hypothesis and create a clear pattern that shows the increase of voltage that is relative to the resistance. The results do not go past an output voltage of fifteen therefore the limits have not been tested, it has been stated â€Å"the TL499A has a minimum output of 2.9 and a maximum output of 30 volt s† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). One possible way of improving the results and increasing the accuracy would be to find an accurate power pack to use on the circuit, another viable option would be to use the same power pack and multimeter for every measurement that is made therefore the results would not be accurate but they would be precise. In order to get accurate results the power pack and multi meter must be tested and it must be made sure that the power pack has the correct output voltage and the multimeter reads the voltage output correctly. Another investigation that this experiment could lead to could be the effect of varying the input voltage to an induction coil. Conclusion In conclusion the results collected from the DC – DC converter ultimately support the hypothesis presented earlier in the report that by changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. The results corroborate with multiple other theories and laws. This DC – DC converter can be altered by simply changing the resistance of resistors R1 and R2 and this is supported by a suitable amount of both primary and secondary data. Bibliography Allaboutcircuits.com, (2014). Introduction : Diodes And Rectifiers. [online] Available at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/1.html. Basic Electronics Tutorials. 2014. Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law. [online] Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. CDS linear, (2014). Linear technology. [online] Available at: http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/1111fd.pdf [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Datasheetlib.com, (1984). TL499A Datasheet | DatasheetLib.com. [online] Available at: http://www.datasheetlib.com/datasheet/68927/tl499a_ti-texas-instruments.html [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu. 2014. Ohms law. [online] Available at: http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Jeremie Smith/page4.htm [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2014. Magnetic Flux. [online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/fluxmg.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Jones, A. (2014). How Electromagnetic Induction Creates Current. [online] Available at: http://physics.about.com/od/physicsetoh/g/induction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ndt-ed.org, (2014). Electromagnetic Induction. [online] Available at: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electroinduction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. People.sinclair.edu, (n.d.). EET 155 Unit 2: Capacitors and Inductors in DC Circuits. [online] Available at: http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/eet155/mod02.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ti.com, (2014). TL499A | Step-Up (Boost) Converter | Converter (Integrated Switch) | Description parametrics. [online] Available at: http://www.ti.com/product/tl499a.

Short Essay About Dorian Gray :: Essays Papers

Short Essay About Dorian Gray In the early chapters of The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, we are introduced to a young and naà ¯ve character, Dorian Gray. Wilde’s descriptions of the young man create a picture of an innocent yet easily influenced Dorian, who is just beginning to learn what the adult world is all about. He is happy and handsome, yet when he is introduced to Lord Henry, he begins to experiment a little bit more on the side of sin. He becomes obsessed with youth and beauty, and he says that he â€Å"would give everything, even [his] very soul† to remain attractive and young. After this declaration, the reader is introduced to a changed Dorian Gray and his new philosophies about life, which begin to sound a lot like Lord Henry’s thoughts. Dorian â€Å"falls in love,† and then he breaks a girl’s heart, causing her to end her life. His beautiful portrait begins to alter, and to keep others from witnessing this, he locks the picture away. At this point in the novel, the reader is brought forward in time, and Dorian is now closer to middle age. Oscar Wilde uses very dark words to set a dreary mood and also a very different sort of image than from the beginning of he novel. Dorian’s life over the past years is described in detail, marking his drastic change and the hold the Devil has over him. It appears that Dorian’s conscience and his very soul have left his body forever, leaving him a sinful and very conceited person. People despise him, and some even leave a room when he enters. It is very clear that Dorian Gray has morphed into someone who is his opposite from earlier in his life.

The Splendiferous Sunset

The horizon slices through the magnificent sun, a bigger segment lying in reflection in the water as its sharp blend of rays in orange, pink, blue, red and purple pierce the clouds painfully. The bright yellow, hot flames that had been warming and brightening the day slowly extinguish, converting to deep cool orange flames. The never ending, deep ocean tardily becomes several shades darker, mirroring the splendiferous sky while sharing the unique beauty of its colours smoothly. The scene is simply dazzling. Colours of the rainbow given off by the umbrellas, hats and swimming costumes, battled wildly against the colour of, the golden sand; a layer of tiny eroded rocks blanketing the land from the ocean. All the colours were fading swiftly like water pouring out of a jug. The dark grey cliffs piercing the splendid sky, with its sharp heads, adding to my view of the sweet scene, hanging uninterestingly in the sides of the sand. The once noisy beach, where children's shout of laughter was heard, is suddenly slowly being replaced by the constant whisper of the wind and the splashing, spluttering and swishing of the waves. Footprints stamped into the sizzling sand, being washed away by the wild waves driven by the wind; erasing all evidences of life having been there. Distant leaving figures, against the stunning colours of the background, were shown as black difficult to observe. Silence hung, a sharp knife, threatening anything that disturbs it. Sharp rocks pierce my feet as I walk through the sand slowly, but also strangely comforting at the same time; the skin on my feet being slowly stroked by the waves is left tingling. As I slowly sat myself positioned between the sand and small waves, the feeling of comforting loneliness suddenly started to overwhelm me, the sereneness of the sunset scene, the whispering of the few trees stranded, the sound of the distant seagulls all combined together able to make any stone heart melt. As the enormous orange marble makes the last step of its journey, welcoming the darkness that would soon wrap itself around the world until tomorrow, with its remaining rays. I got up slowly, my gaze on the amazing scene before me; trying to absorb as much of the beauty while it lasts. Inch by inch the orange marble slips out of view, letting its slowly extinguishing rays say goodbye with the little energy left in the rays to the land soon to be enclosed in darkness. I started to run home.

A History of Ancient Greek Physics

A History of Ancient Greek Physics In ancient times, the systematic study of fundamental natural laws was not a huge concern. The concern was staying alive. Science, as it existed at that time, consisted primarily of agriculture and, eventually, engineering to improve the daily lives of the growing societies. The sailing of a ship, for example, utilizes air drag, the same principle that keeps an airplane aloft. The ancients were able to figure out how to construct and operate sailing ships without precise rules for this principle. Looking to the Heavens and the Earth The ancients are known perhaps best for their astronomy, which continues to influence us heavily today. They regularly observed the heavens, which were believed to be a divine realm with the Earth at its center. It was certainly obvious to everyone that the sun, moon, and stars moved across the heaven in a regular pattern, and its unclear whether any documented thinker of the ancient world thought to question this geocentric viewpoint. Regardless, humans began identifying constellations in the heavens and used these signs of the Zodiac to define calendars and seasons. Mathematics developed first in the Middle East, though the precise origins vary depending upon which historian one talks to. It is almost certain that the origin of mathematics was for simple recordkeeping in commerce and government. Egypt made profound progress in the development of basic geometry, because of the need to clearly define farming territory following the annual flooding of the Nile. Geometry quickly found applications in astronomy, as well. Natural Philosophy in Ancient Greece As the Greek civilization arose, however, there came finally enough stability - despite the fact that there still frequent wars - for there to arise an intellectual aristocracy, an intelligentsia, that was able to devote itself to the systematic study of these matters. Euclid and Pythagoras are just a couple of the names that resonate through the ages in the development of mathematics from this period. In the physical sciences, there were also developments. Leucippus (5th century B.C.E.) refused to accept the ancient supernatural explanations of nature and proclaimed categorically that every event had a natural cause. His student, Democritus, went on to continue this concept. The two of them were proponents of a concept that all matter is comprised of tiny particles which were so small that they could not be broken up. These particles were called atoms, from a Greek word for indivisible. It would be two millennia before the atomistic views gained support and even longer before there was evidence to support the speculation. The Natural Philosophy of Aristotle While his mentor Plato (and  his  mentor, Socrates) were far more concerned with moral philosophy, Aristotles (384 - 322 B.C.E.) philosophy had more secular foundations. He promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could ultimately lead to the discovery of natural laws governing those phenomena, though unlike Leucippus and Democritus, Aristotle believed that these natural laws were, ultimately, divine in nature. His was a natural philosophy, an observational science based on reason but without experimentation. He has rightly been criticized for a lack of rigor (if not outright carelessness) in his observations. For one egregious example, he states that men have more teeth than women which is certainly not true. Still, it was a step in the right direction. The Motions of Objects One of Aristotles interests was the motion of objects: Why does a rock fall while smoke rises?Why does water flow downward while flames dance into the air?Why do the planets move across the sky? He explained this by saying that all matter is composed of five elements: FireEarthAirWaterAether (divine substance of the heavens) The four elements of this world interchange and relate to each other, while Aether was an entirely different type of substance. These worldly elements each had natural realms. For example, we exist where the Earth realm (the ground beneath our feet) meets the Air realm (the air all around us and up as high as we can see). The natural state of objects, to Aristotle, was at rest, in a location that was in balance with the elements of which they were composed. The motion of objects, therefore, was an attempt by the object to reach its natural state. A rock falls because the Earth realm is down. Water flows downward because its natural realm is beneath the Earth realm. Smoke rises because it is comprised of both Air and Fire, thus it tries to reach the high Fire realm, which is also why flames extend upward. There was no attempt by Aristotle to mathematically describe the reality that he observed. Though he formalized Logic, he considered mathematics and the natural world to be fundamentally unrelated. Mathematics was, in his view, concerned with unchanging objects that lacked reality, while his natural philosophy focused on changing objects with a reality of their own. More Natural Philosophy In addition to this work on the impetus, or motion, of objects, Aristotle did extensive studies in other areas: created a classification system, dividing animals with similar characteristics into genera.studied, in his work Meteorology, the nature not only of weather patterns but also geology and natural history.formalized the mathematical system called Logic.extensive philosophical work on the nature of mans relation to the divine, as well as ethical considerations Aristotles work was rediscovered by scholars in the Middle Ages and he was proclaimed the greatest thinker of the ancient world. His views became the philosophical foundation of the Catholic Church (in cases where it didnt directly contradict the Bible) and in centuries to come observations that did not conform to Aristotle were denounced as a heretic. It is one of the greatest ironies that such a proponent of observational science would be used to inhibit such work in the future. Archimedes of Syracuse Archimedes (287 - 212 B.C.E.) is best known for the classic story of how he discovered the principles of density and buoyancy while taking a bath, immediately causing him to run through the streets of Syracuse naked screaming Eureka! (which roughly translates to I have found it!). In addition, he is known for many other significant feats: outlined the mathematical principles of the lever, one of the oldest machinescreated elaborate pulley systems, reputedly having been able to move a full-size ship by pulling on a single ropedefined the concept of the center of gravitycreated the field of statics, using Greek geometry to find equilibrium states for objects that would be taxing for modern physicistsreputed to have built many inventions, including a water screw for irrigation and war machines that helped Syracuse against Rome in the First Punic War. He is attributed by some with inventing the odometer during this time, though that has not been proven. Perhaps Archimedes greatest achievement, however, was to reconcile Aristotles great error of separating mathematics and nature. As the first mathematical physicist, he showed that detailed mathematics could be applied with creativity and imagination for both theoretical and practical results. Hipparchus Hipparchus (190 - 120 B.C.E.) was born in Turkey, though he was a Greek. He is considered by many to be the greatest observational astronomer of ancient Greece. With trigonometric tables that he developed, he applied geometry rigorously to the study of astronomy and was able to predict solar eclipses. He also studied the motion of the sun and moon, calculating with greater precision than any before him their distance, size, and parallax. To aid him in this work, he improved many of the tools used in naked-eye observations of the time. The mathematics used indicates that Hipparchus may have studied Babylonian mathematics and been responsible for bringing some of that knowledge to Greece. Hipparchus is reputed to have written fourteen books, but the only direct work that remains was a commentary on a popular astronomical poem. Stories tell of Hipparchus having calculated the circumference of the Earth, but this is in some dispute. Ptolemy The last great astronomer of the ancient world was Claudius Ptolemaeus (known as Ptolemy to posterity). In the second century C.E., he wrote a summary of ancient astronomy (borrowed heavily from Hipparchus - this is our main source for knowledge of Hipparchus) which came to be known throughout Arabia as  Almagest  (the greatest). He formally outlined the geocentric model of the universe, describing a series of concentric circles and spheres upon which other planets moved. The combinations had to be exceedingly complicated to account for the observed motions, but his work was adequate enough that for fourteen centuries it was seen as the comprehensive statement on heavenly motion. With the fall of Rome, however, the stability that supports such innovation died out in the European world. Much of the knowledge obtained by the ancient world was lost during the Dark Ages. For example, of the 150 reputed Aristotelian works, only 30 exist today, and some of those are little more than lecture notes. In that age, the discovery of knowledge would lie to the East: to China and the Middle East.

Child labor in pakistan Essays

Child labor in pakistan Essays Child labor in pakistan Essay Child labor in pakistan Essay Child labour refers to the employment of kids at regular and sustained labour. It is the full-time employment of kids under a minimal legal age. The pattern of child labour is considered illegal by many states and exploitatory by many international organisations. ( Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009 ) Child labour is one of the jobs that occur as a consequence of the responses to the economic jobs faced by vulnerable kids. In most developed and emerging states, usage of kids as labours is considered as misdemeanor of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing states do digest and let kid labour. In Pakistan, a state where about half of the population lives below the poorness line, kid labour is profoundly entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labour in Pakistan is prevailing in all sectors of the economic system, thought it chiefly exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistan s high population growing of around 1.6 % poses multiple challenges and threatens to restrain limited resources and societal and economic development of the state. Harmonizing to the study of Federal Bureau of Statistics ( FBS ) in 2002, the figure of working kids in Pakistan was about 3.5 million or 7 % of the entire work force in Pakistan. However, the kids under the age of 10 and those working in little and household concerns that are non registered with the authorities were non the portion of the study. So the existent figure is deemed to be much higher than the official figures. In Pakistan, kids aged 5-14 are around 40 million. The study conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million kids under the age of 14 are engaged as labours. Most of them are engaged as labours in brick kiln mills, rug weaving centres, agribusiness, little industries and domestic services. The study besides indicated that rural and urban ratio of kid labours was 7:1. The state with most figure of instances of child labour was Punjab with about 60 % of the entire kid labour population. HISTORY AND IMPACT OF CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Child labour has been prevalent in Pakistan in all the sectors of the economic system, though it largely exists in informal sector of employment and in the place based industry. In late 1890ss, the affair of kid labour emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In 1996, Pakistan s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto acknowledged the job of kid labour in the state and announced the program to extinguish it. In his address in April 1998, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif stated that the job of kid labour occupied a outstanding topographic point in the docket of authorities of Pakistan. In 1999, Federal curate for labour and work force, Shaikh Rashid announced a four point policy for controling child labour in Pakistan. In Jan-99, authorities announced the bill of exchange of the labour policy. The policy envisaged that the authorities is committed to stop kid labour. It was besides promised by the authorities of Pakistan in 2000, that the jurisprudence to extinguish child la bour and bonded labour at an economic degree would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005 ; there would be no bonded labour or child labour in Pakistan. Even after so much ordinances and promises by the authorities of Pakistan, the effort has non been successful till now. Though the issue has received international attending and assorted organisations at international degree like ILO and UNICEF are take parting in the issue, still the betterment in this instance is really slow. In eliminating and making consciousness against child labour in Pakistan many communities are holding a interest. Some of these communities/autonomous organic structures working for the cause are: Government of Pakistan Children Parliament Pakistan International Labor Organization United nations childrens fund Other NGO s, Society and Media All the above authorities and private organic structures are actively working for the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan. The issue has been earnestly addressed by the above organic structures either separately or in concurrence with any other organic structure. The function of each of the above mentioned organic structure in the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan is as follows: GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN: Government of Pakistan has been actively working for the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan. Activities of authorities towards the issue have been deriving considerable attending since late 1990 s, when the affair of kid labour emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In Jan-99, authorities announced the bill of exchange of the labour policy. The policy envisaged that the authorities is committed to stop kid labour. It was besides promised by the authorities of Pakistan in 2000, that the jurisprudence to extinguish child labour and bonded labour at an economic degree would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005 ; there would be no bonded labour or child labour in Pakistan. Though the authorities has non been able to present on the promises made due to the increased political failings in the company, still there have been uninterrupted attempts made on their portion. Government besides identified poorness and deficiency of instructi on for kids as root causes for the kid labour in the state. ( Arshad ) The present authorities in Pakistan has made simple instruction compulsory for kids. Along with that, the authorities has besides made the policy of administering free books in primary schools. This would assist the parents, who can non afford their kid s instruction and school disbursals can direct their kids to schools. Along with all of the above, the undermentioned Torahs are made by authorities of Pakistan to turn to the issue ( Pakistan ) : National Child Labor Laws: In Pakistan a kid is defined as a individual younger so fifteen. The legal minimal age for employment of kids is 14 for normal concerns and 15 for railroads and mines. The fundamental law of Islamic democracy of Pakistan prohibits forced labour, bondage, and employment of kids below the age of 14. The authorities of Pakistan asserts that the labour inspectors are empowered to transport out regular visits to all employment topographic points covered under employment of kids act 1991 to look into the conformity of the jurisprudence at that topographic points. Education Laws: Articles 37 ( B ) A ; ( degree Celsius ) of the fundamental law of Pakistan declares public policy to take illiteracy and supply free and mandatory secondary instruction within the minimal possible periodA [ and to ] A do proficient and professional instruction by and large available and higher instruction every bit accessible to all on the footing of virtue . Despite a jurisprudence in 1962 necessitating each state to denominate countries where primary instruction is mandatory, none of the states have complied. As of now, the present authorities in Pakistan has made simple instruction compulsory for kids. Along with that, the authorities has besides made the policy of administering free books in primary schools. International Conventions: Pakistan is a party to ILO convention refering minimal age of employment in the industry and UN convention for rights of the kid. Through above legislative assemblies and Torahs, and to some other timely ordinances, the authorities of Pakistan is moving as an active community stakeholder in obliteration of child labour in the state. Though in present scenario Pakistan is enduring through political failings, but still authorities is committed to take the work one measure in front. CHILDREN PARLIAMENT OF PAKISTAN: The kids s parliament for Pakistan was launched on 14-Nov-08, by Society for the Protection of the Rights of Child ( SPARC ) . The chief purpose of this parliament is to make consciousness and advance kid rights in the state. The members were elected from different schools of Peshawar, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore etc. Besides supplying basic rights to every kid in Pakistan other aims of this parliament are: End kid labour Educate every kid Provide medical installations to kids Protect the kids In add-on, kids parliament serves as their voice to convey the troubles and jobs faced by the kids to authorities of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION: With the affair of child labour in Pakistan deriving international attending, ILO has fastened its stairss to turn to the issues. ILO does seasonably appraise within assorted industries in Pakistan surmising big sum of child labour. ( International Programme for riddance of child labour ) Based on the study they come out with study studies turn toing the issue and urging ways to cover with the state of affairss. Some of the latest studies conducted by ILO in Pakistan are: Survey on Child Labor in Kasur Tanneries in 2004 Survey on Child Labor in Glass Bangles industry in Hyderabad-2004 Survey on kid labour in surgical instruments fabricating industry in Sialkot Survey on kid labour in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla ILO has besides been working with the authorities of Pakistan steering them from clip to clip on this issue. It is besides moving as a ticker Canis familiaris, inspecting the ways in which authorities is turn toing the issue. United nations childrens fund: The name UNICEF needs no debut. United Nation International Children s Emergency Fund, a UN organisation has systematically working towards the development of kids in developing states. UNICEF conducts seasonably studies to see the betterment in the instance. The study conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million kids under the age of 14 are engaged as labours. Most of them are engaged as labours in brick kiln mills, rug weaving centres, agribusiness, little industries and domestic services. The study besides indicated that rural and urban ratio of kid labours was 7:1. The state with most figure of instances of child labour was Punjab with about 60 % of the entire kid labour population. UNICEF besides set-up centres in the Pakistan, assisting destitute kids get place. Pakistan is besides amongst the states that get funding from UNICEF to advance the stairss in obliteration of child labour. OTHER NGO S SOCIETY AND MEDIA: This is another group of really of import stakeholders in the issue of child labour in Pakistan. NGO s like ACM Apostolic Charismatic Ministry and Child Reach International has continuously worked towards the development of kids in Pakistan to eliminate child labour. Though the NGO s in Pakistan do nt acquire proper support from authorities of Pakistan neither from any corporate organic structures, still the work they do in crating consciousness and supplying simple instruction to kids is rather appreciable. Society and media as a whole has a major function to play in the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan. These two stakeholders are still hibernating in the issue, but for the development of kids in Pakistan society and media have to play a major portion. Poverty degrees in Pakistan appear to ask that kids work in order to let the households to make their mark take-home wage. The deficiency of economic chance for big employment in Pakistan demands to be studied and taken under consideration ; the authorities besides needs rigorous to inspect the rigorous execution of Torahs made by it. Lack of instruction is another ground for the high rate of kid labour in Pakistan. Thought authorities of Pakistan has made policies for supplying free simple instruction to kids, the policies need rigorous execution to turn to the issue. Besides, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGO s have to work in tandem to make consciousness for the rights of the kids in the state. Mentions ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from World Wide Web. unicef. org: World Wide Web. unicef. org/ protection/ index_3717. hypertext markup language Ahmad, M. ( 2001 ) . Child Labor: A clip to reflect. In M. Ahmad, Child Labor: A clip to reflect. UNICEF. Arshad, R. ( n.d. ) . Child labour in Pakistan. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hamariweb.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hamariweb.com/articles/article.aspx? id=91 Child Labor at Distrcit Level. ( 2009, Sep ) . Retrieved August 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de: hypertext transfer protocol: //mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17333/1/MPRA_paper_17333.pdf H.Zaidi, H. ( 2004, Jan ) . Baseline study study on child labour. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do? productId=5225 International Programme for riddance of child labour. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/searchProduct.do ; ? type=normal A ; title= A ; selectedMonthFrom=-1 A ; productYearFrom= A ; selectedMonthTo=-1 A ; selectedCountries=342 A ; selectedMediaTypes=14 A ; keywords= A ; userType=3 amp ; selectedFieldOfficeId=-1 A ; resultPerPage=20 A ; selectedSortById=4 Pakistan. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat/pakistan.htm Population nose count organisation. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statpak.gov.pk: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate.html COMMUNITY PROGRAM TO ADDRESS CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Abstraction Child labour refers to the employment of kids at regular and sustained labour. It is the full-time employment of kids under a minimal legal age. The pattern of child labour is considered illegal by many states and exploitatory by many international organisations. ( Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009 ) Child labour is one of the jobs that occur as a consequence of the responses to the economic jobs faced by vulnerable kids. In most developed and emerging states, usage of kids as labours is considered as misdemeanor of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing states do digest and let kid labour. In Pakistan, a state where about half of the population lives below the poorness line, kid labour is profoundly entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labour in Pakistan is prevailing in all sectors of the economic system, thought it chiefly exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistan s high population growing of around 1.6 % poses multiple challenges and threatens to restrain limited resources and societal and economic development of the state. The paper designs a community plan to turn to the issue of child labour in Pakistan. It identifies assorted stakeholders in the issue and based on certain schemes and plans, intends to convey an effectual societal alteration. The paper besides addresses possible challenges in the manner of eliminating the kid labour in Pakistan and ways for turn toing the issue. GOAL OF THE STUDY: The primary end of the survey is placing the tendencies in the issue if child labour in Pakistan. Based on the issue, paper intends to place assorted stakeholders of the issue. The purpose of analyzing this is to a community plan to turn to the issue of child labour in Pakistan. It identifies assorted stakeholders in the issue and based on certain schemes and plans, intends to convey an effectual societal alteration. The paper besides addresses possible challenges in the manner of eliminating the kid labour in Pakistan and ways for turn toing the issue. The ends had been made maintaining in head the resources available in Pakistan to convey a societal alteration. Political failing in the economic system of Pakistan has besides been kept in head. The success of this community plan depends upon the working in concurrence of the stakeholders of the issue. Scheme TO BE ADOPTED In order to eliminate child labour in Pakistan both preventative and disciplinary schemes are proposed. Successful intercession theoretical accounts are besides founded so that the alteration in cognition would be easier to convey approximately, attitude alteration requires comparatively longer clip frame and eventually the alteration in entire head set and behavioural alteration requires the longest clip. Interventions are to be phased out in the clip edge mode and alteration schemes are age specific and gender equitable. GENERAL AND POSITIVE ACTION STRATEGIES: The following general and positive action schemes are requires to be taken to turn to the issue of child labour in Pakistan: Change in attitude of stakeholders: Awareness runs, reding Sessionss and protagonism workshops need to be geared towards parents for deriving their assurance and for raising their consciousness about the ill-effects of child labour refering their kids. The runs and reding would foreground the options of kid labour, including non-formal and formal instruction and apprenticeship. Parents would be educated about the benefits of schooling in footings of income and increased efficiency and guiding that child labour in many instances is ineffectual with a really meagre income associated with it. Similar services for deriving employers assurance would be arranged for constructing support for battle in extinguishing child labour. Carefully designed educational and enlightening conferences and/or seminars would be arranged to reconstruct the ego regard and self-respect of labour. Labor Department working with industry should work with missional ardor in order to carry through an eventual riddance of labour in a sensible clip frame. Poverty Relief: Numerous stairss would be aimed at household s alternate income coevals and poorness. Poverty relief would be addressed really earnestly at different degrees with the engagement of international organisations, assorted non-government bureaus and Provincial, federal and territory authoritiess. The job of kid labour in Pakistan can be managed efficaciously merely if the job of poorness is worked out efficaciously, through income coevals undertakings for society and parents and through just and just entree to safety cyberspaces such as zakat financess and other benevolent plans. Poverty relief attempts of provincial and province authoritiess PRSP ( Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ) would co-occur good with time-bound plan enterprises targeted at phasing out child labour from the state. ( Beig, 2004 ) The study carried out by ILO in 2004 in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla revealed following figures: Chakwal: Class Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 450 126 Parents 12 16 Employers 60 27 Entire 522 169 Chirat/ Noshera: Class Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 400 48 Parents 5 4 Employers 10 13 Entire 415 65 Drop-out Survey: Class Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted School-going 150 250 Drop-outs 15 27 Parents 27 22 Teachers 40 38 Entire 212 337 Formal Schooling, Non-Formal Schooling and Vocational Training: ( Kulsoom, 2009 ) Poverty being major ground for bulk drop-outs, proviso of fee and subsidised instruction would be recommended at formal schools. Formal school instructors need to be trained to follow kid friendly instruction methodological analysiss and attitude in order to cut down hazard of drop-outs. Apart from the traditional plan of survey, developing at non-formal educational schools should include vocational preparation A ; wellness and safety instruction. NFE schools would be a truly indispensable step because to halt the supply of labour at beginning, alternate beginnings of productive battle demands to be available with kids. Quality of instruction will besides be enhanced and it needs to be attractive and relevant to assist cut down the drop-out inclination in schools. Issues refering child labour, including information about the risky nature of kid labour and gender prejudices needs to be incorporated into the educational course of study of non-formal and formal schools for both male and female pupils. Occupational wellness jeopardies and safety steps: Till the kid labour is eliminated wholly, the civilization of occupational safety would be promoted in all industries by raising consciousness through protagonism seminars. These awareness-related protagonism seminars should be arranged at the worksites and at community degree, would besides be used for educating kids about the sick effects of child labour and raising consciousness about the value of instruction and its other positive options. The Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) survey undertaken by ILO in 2004 besides yielded elaborate penetrations on the same issue. In add-on to seminars, group meetings and workshops would besides be arranged on a sustainable footing for advancing norms and following preventative wellness steps. Improved Legislative Measures: Stairss would be taken for enforcement of bing labour Torahs. Till the kid labour is wholly eliminated, increased protection to child workers would be provided upon the consent of the authorities against the misdemeanor of their rights and against insecure industrial patterns including child labour. High powered enigma clients would be requested to supervise attachment in safety criterions along with labour sections and ILO proctors. PARTNERSHIPS AND CAPACITY Building: ILO would be requested to construct strategic confederations with Non Governmental Organization in Pakistan. ILO besides need to see confederations with audience bureaus working on child labour issues to utilize them as catalyst-facilitators, proctors and trainers in working towards the common end of eliminating child labour and cut downing its ill-effects. To rectify the job of kid labour, cross bureau partnerships in Pakistan would be prompted till the operations are self sustained and to the full streamlined. These partnerships would be supported by ILO and jointly partnered with authorities bureaus in Pakistan and with relevant international bureaus such as UNICEF, UN section for Assistance Framework ( UNDAF ) and other stakeholders like NGOs, Media etc. cost effectual advanced transmutations would be geared towards effectual edifice of District degree labour sections, Provincial planning, territory authoritiess and NGO s. The purpose of prepar ation would be to instill larning about a proactive work civilization along with a missional ardor in turn toing the issue of child labour in Pakistan. MEDIA Support: Assorted media like T.V, Press, and Internet media would be involved in the broad-based consciousness sing the child labour issues, including vocational and formal instruction. Effective information, instruction and communicating stuffs would be created and would be disseminated to press and other media in order to win their support and create consciousness. Electronic media would be used subsequently as an effectual spouse in the battle against the kid labour in Pakistan. Schemes will besides be made to derive the assurance of electronic media through workshops, conferences and meetings. All the above schemes used for community battle are based on the undermentioned theoretical account. Different Stakeholders that are involved in this plan of community battle are: Government of Pakistan International Labor Organization ( ILO ) United Nation International Children Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) Society, particularly parents of the kids UN Department for Assistance Framework ( UNDAF ) Non Government Organizations ( NGOs ) Schools and their staffs, particularly instructors Employers Labor Union Media in all signifiers Children Themselves POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND THE ROAD AHEAD Potential challenges in the manner of doing community battle for eliminating child labour in Pakistan are: Weak Political and Economic Scenario in Pakistan: Pakistan is traveling through a period of weak political and economic scenario. So that will be the major possible challenge in doing the community battle because in an unstable economic system implementing legislative assemblies is a really hard undertaking. Besides, doing agreements for financess in a weak political scenario becomes hard because in this instance authorities may non be ready to fund the plan. For get the better ofing this challenge, fund demands to be raised from major corporate. They should be encouraged to fund the plan every bit much as possible as the portion of their corporate societal duty. For implementing the legislative assemblies, proper confederation demands to be made between Government organic structures and foreign organic structures like ILO and UNICEF who are already working for the cause. These organic structures will assist monitoring Torahs and legislative assemblies formed. Poverty: Poverty is another major challenge in the effectivity of community battle in Pakistan. Most households send their kids to work to make their mark take-away place wage. So doing them understand about non sing the wage of their kids as the major factor would be truly hard. To get the better of this challenge, workshops would be held and proper guidance would be provided to parents about the harmful effects of child labour and benefits of simple instruction for the hereafter of their kids. Attitudes of Employers, Parents and Children: This is another challenge in the effectivity of the community plan. In assorted industries kids are considered as inexpensive labours. So altering the attitude of the employers about using kids by sing them as inexpensive labour would be hard to alter. Every concern needs to be inspected at intervals along with guidance and advocacy meetings with employers to alter the attitude of the employees. Same would be the job with Parents and kids. This would be addressed by demoing the ill-effects of child labour and benefits of instruction. Though poorness degrees in Pakistan appear to be a necessitate ground that kids work in order to let the households to make their mark take-home wage, effectual community battle can assist raise consciousness against the issue. The deficiency of economic chance for big employment in Pakistan demands to be studied and taken under consideration ; the authorities besides needs rigorous to inspect the rigorous execution of Torahs made by it. Lack of instruction is another ground for the high rate of kid labour in Pakistan. Thought authorities of Pakistan has made policies for supplying free simple instruction to kids, the policies need rigorous execution to turn to the issue. Besides, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGO s have to work in tandem to make consciousness for the rights of the kids in the state.

You Are The Judge Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Are The Judge Papers - Essay Example A counter-argument from Zoom would be that it was Corrigan who had manufactured the compass, which was faulty and so Daniel should bring an action against them. It is evident on the facts that the compass was faulty and so it wouldn’t be a cause of installation by Zoom. The argument is more than likely to succeed and would therefore leave the forum of Daniel bringing an action against Corrigan under privity of contract, the law of which will now be discussed. Daniel can argue that since this was a contract whereby he acquired the subject matter that is the compass along with the car, he can enforce the contract against Corrigan (Linden Gardens Trust v Lenesta Sludge). Clearly Daniel does not have any direct remedy against Corrigan and so would be able to bring an action against them. Furthermore, another option that would be available for Daniel would be an order by court requiring the rectification and performance of fault and accepting such breach (Snelling v. John G Snelling). Corrigan can argue that they had a contract with Zoom and they are accountable to them and so Zoom and not Daniel should bring an action for breach of contract forward. This is a strong argument, which has to be rebutted by the principles of privity of contract, which have been discussed above and so would allow a claim by Daniel against Corrigan. Another argument that can be stated by Corrigan would be of faulty installation by Zoom. However, it is evident from the fact that the compass itself was faulty and thus such an argument is likely to fail. Finally the problem that can arise is that of foreseeability. Corrigan would state that medical costs should not be allowed because of the fact that even though the compass was faulty it was clearly not foreseeable that such an act would lead to injury. This argument is more than likely to succeed as the situations that have led to the injury and medical costs were more than unlikely and therefore Daniel

Final Global business Plan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Global business Plan Paper - Essay Example Keeping in mind the governmental limitations on foreign investments, the external governance and its impact on the Starbucks India will be a major factor for its success or downfall. Since sole proprietorships and partnerships are essentially impossible under the Indian law, locally incorporated company is the answer to many limitations put by the government. Certainly, good corporate governance is the solution-key for above stated questions. In the case of Starbucks India, proper corporate governance has to be the identification and correction of inefficiencies in its running. In pursuing this objective, Starbucks' top level management can not rely on their own internal mechanisms, but they need to look for external instruments such as the market for corporate control. In this regard, external governance becomes very important to be looked at since the role of controls by the external stakeholders over the organization can compound for its overall success in India. For Starbucks India, external governance can play its healthy role in the forms of debt covenants, external au